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1、小升初语法讲义一介词和副词介词知识点介词向定义和介词的用法介词的分类以及用法介词用于固定短语中教学重点介词的分类以及用法教学难点介词的或择和使用问题介词的定义：介词一般位于名词或代词之前，在句中不单独做任何成分。介词本身有独立的含义，但意义不够完整，在句中使用时，后面必须接有宾语构成介词短语后，才能表达完整的意义。介词短语在句中常作状语、定语、表语或宾语补足语。介词的用法：(-)表示时间的介词的用法：1.at,on,in(1)a t在句中用在钟点之前。意为“在 点钟”如：at six在6点(2)a l用在固定短语中。如：at noon在 中 午；at this time of year 一年这
2、个时候(3)on常用于表示具体的哪一天或某天的上午、下午及晚上或用于固定短语中。如：on themorning of June在6月5日的早上；on a cold winter night在一个寒冷的冬天的夜里；on May 20lh在5月2 0日(4)on用在星期前。如：on Sunday在星期日(5)in用于年、月前面，季 节、世纪前以及固定短语中。如：in 2008 在 2008 年；in October 在 10 月；in spring 在春天；in the twentieth century 在二十世纪；in his twenties 在他二十多岁时；in the morning/a
3、fternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上2.before,after,inin是以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于一般将来时态中。eg:I will come back in three days.我三天以后回来。aiter是以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态中。eg:She went after three days,她三天以后走的。befbre表示“某时刻或某时间之前”时态根据句子而定。eg:Check your papers carefully before you hand them in,【典例精析】Mrs.Brown came to China_
4、1996.A.on B.of C.to,D.in【答案】D【解析】in用于年、月前面，季节、世纪前以及固定短语中随堂小练习1()1.He often goes school six thirty the morning.A.for;to;in B.to;at;in C.to;for;at D,for;at;to()2.a cold winter morning,I met her in the street.A.in B.on C.at D.for()3.Joan hopes to come back three days.A.after B.for C.in(二)表示地点方位介词的用法：1.
5、at,ina t 后跟小地方，in 后跟大地点2.in,on,toin 表示在某一范围内的某方位。on表示与某地相邻关系。to表示在某一地区之外的某方位，不属于该范围。【典例精析】Shanghai lies the east of China.A.in B.on C.to【答案】A【解析】in表示在某一范围内的某方位。随堂小练习21.Shandong lies the east of Hebei.A.in B.on C.to2.China lies the west of Japan.A.in B.on C.to(三)表示手段方式的介词的用法：in,by,with,on 表示“用(1)by主要
6、指利用交通工具。即：“by+名词原形”或“行为手段by+ving形式。如：Igotoschool by bike every day.(2)in主要指 用某种语言“或”用工具、材料”以及方式(way)等。如：I often write in ink/pencil.He can say it in a different way.(3)on主要表示行走或站立时所用的身体部位，或利用交通工具。即：“on+冠 词/形容词性物主代词+交通工具名词”或接表示媒体的名词。此时相当于over。如：People walkon foot.But some people can walk,on hand.注意：“
7、on/in+冠 词/形容词性物主代词+交通工具名词”这种交通方式的表达可以转换成“by+交通工具名称”。例:on a bike=by bike如果交通工具名词为c a r,习惯上用in,其他多用on。如：He learns English on TV.（4）with主要指某一具体的劳动工具、材料或用身体部位。如：We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听.【典例精析】He can say it a different way.A.in B.by C.with D.on【答案】A【解析】in主要指”用某种语言”或“用工具、材料”
8、以及方式（way）等。随堂小练习31.People say it English.A.in B.by C.with D.on2.He learns English listening to cassettes.A.in B.by C.with D.on3.He often goes to school a bus.A.in B.by C.with D.on4.They like writing a brush.A.in B.by C.with D.on用于固定短语中一、介词的含义，介 词（虚词），不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语活从句前。中考需要掌握
9、的 11 个介词：in on、at to from by、with for about after、before（一）表示时间的介词1、表示较长时间（长于一天或短于一天）如：年、年份、月份、季节、周、上午、下午、晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词“in”。in 1996/in 2002/in 1847（年份）in October/in February/in March（月份）in the morning/in the afternoon/in the evening 在上午/下午/晚上in those days 在当时/m no time 立亥!j/in the daytime 在白天/m th
10、e future 在将来/in oneminute在 1 分钟 内/最后in the end2、表示时间的某一点（或表示某时刻）如：钟点、年龄或其它的习惯用法中要用“at”at ten oclock/at seven th irty.（表示某一钟点）at noon/at night/at midnight（在中午、晚上、半夜-一天中相对短暂的时间）at that tim e在 那 时/at the moment这时、那时、此刻/at first 首先/理 last 最后=in the end/at once 立刻、马上/也/20（the）weekends 在周末/在一年中的这个时候.this
11、time of year/在.开始/结束时更the beginning/end of。3、表示某一天或者特定（某一天上下午）的时间用介词“on”。on Monday/on Tuesday/on Wednesday/on Friday on January 1 /on April 18/on May31on January h 1988/on April 18,2002/on May 31,1977值日 20 duty/准时 on time/4、表示持续一段时间用介词“fbr。段时间”for two hours/for three days for hundreds of years5、表示从一
12、点时间到另一点时间的一个阶段用介词“什 om to”from 9 oclock to 11 o9clock from February to April from then on 从那时候起（用于一般过去时），from now on从现在起（用于一般将来时），from time to tim e时不时地（二）表示方位的介词在树上运the tree/在同一个班迈the same class/在北京m Beijing在世界上in the world/在河里in the river/在城市in a city在阳光下In the sun/在北方位the north/m China在中国在第五中学 jn
13、 No.5 Middle School 在.的前部 in the front of 在.前面 in frontof 在.中间/（内部）角落 in the middle/corner of（三）固定用法：1.住院逗hospital/在露天迈the open air/躺着看书read in bed用英语而English/穿红色的in r e d/以方式由 way of表示大地方，表示空间、地域或者物体内部应用in，或表示在范围之内。2.在的尽头次the end of/在大门口 gj_the gate/在第二个十字路口更the second crossing在公共汽车站at the bus stop
14、/在校读书at school/在家at homeat the station/airport/zoo/post office at the front door/at the cinema/supermarket/表示较小的地方，表示空间的某一点，出入口等，选也3.在墙上 on ihe wall/在的另一边 1 the other side of/在左边/右边 the left/right在左/有手边 on the left/right hand side/在火车上 on the train固定用法：访问 on a visit to/展览on show在去.的路上 on the way to.
15、on my head/nose表示附着在表面上，覆盖等，表示接触的面上、边上、线上，用 些。比较：a hole jn the floor/wall There are many apples on the tree.There are many birds jn the tree.几组表示位置关系的介词比较1.Japan is in the east of Asia.2.Japan is to the east of China.3.Korea is on the northeast of China.northwesteastsouthC is on the east of A.随堂小练习参
16、考答案LB B C 2.B C3.A B D C常用介词练习()1.Many people work_the day and sleep_ night.A.on;at B.in;in C.in;at()2.He speaks Japanese best the boy students.A.between B.with C.among()3.A wolf_a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy.A.with B.in C.on()4.They sent the letter to me_mistake.A.by B.for C.with()5.He left h
17、ome_a cold winter evening.A.at B.on C.in()6.my father,s help,I have finished my composition.A.Under B.On C.with()7.Hes very strict himself and hes very strict_his work.A.with;in B.in;with C.with;with()8.1 really cant agree you.A.to B.on C.with()9.The shop wont open_nine in the morning.A.until B.at C
18、.during()10.How about_the flowers now?A.watering B.are wateringC.watered()11.She spent all his money_books.A.in B.with C.on()12.They are talking_low voices.A.with B.in C.on()13.Ifs very kind_you to help us.A.for B.to C.of()14.What will you have_breakfast this morning?A.with B.for C.by()15.A plane is
19、 flying the city.A.on B.over C.above()16.You are free to speak_ the meeting.A.at B.in C.on()17.Mr.Green will stay in China_ Friday.A.to B.on C.till()18.Its wrong to play jokes_other people.A.on B.of C.with()19.Which color do you like?I prefer blue_red.A.for B.as C.to()20.The student will give us a t
20、alk_how to use our spare time.A.for B.on C.in()21.1 paid two hundred yuan_that kind of bicycle.A.in B.for C.on()22.The doctor is very kind_his patientsA.to B.on C.at()23.We cant live_air.A.in B.with C.without()24.The child was afraid _the strange sound.A.at B.for C.of()25.He was very angry _her for
21、being late.A.for B.with C.at()26.What do you think _ the play?A.about B.like C.of()27.1 think its the right way to work out the problem,but I am notsure it.A.do B.about C.of()28.Reading the sun isnt g o o d youA.under;fbr B.in;for C.in;to()29.1 wont ask about it,Im going to see it my own eyes.A.by B
22、.for C.with()30.We go to school every day Sunday.A.except B.without C.on()31.There is a small river_the two townsA.in B.between C.among()32.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep_the lesson.A.for B.through C.during()33.Mr.Black went to Paris a few days.A.for B.in C.after()34.They will leave London next month
23、.21-25 BACCB26-30 CBBCAA.toB.fromC.for()35.Are you going to the zooA.on;by B.by;in参考答案：_bus or _C.on;in_ my car?1-5 CCBAB6-10CACAA11-15CBCBC16-20 ACACB31-35 BCACB副词知识点梳理副词的定义以及分类副词的考点教学重点副词的变化以及副词的使用教学难点副词的变化以及用法1.概念：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词。2.作用：用来说明时间、地点、程度和方式等。3.分类：.时间副词如 now,then,today,yesterday.
24、地点副词如here,there,home,.程度副词如so,very,much,too.方式副词如 fast,quickly,early.疑问副词如 how,where,when,what.频度副词如 always sometimes,often,usually副词的形式一、形容词+lyslow-slowlyquick-quicklyquiet-quietly二、辅+y结尾的形容词，y 改 i+lyhappy-happilyeasy-easily三、少数以e 结尾，去 e+ly;多数以e 结尾，直接+lytrue 一 trulywide-widely四、形容词与副词同形fast-fasthar
25、d-hardearly-earlylate-late五、不规则变化good-well考点考点一：副词的位置1.副词修饰动词时.，通常放在被修饰词的后面。The old man walked slowly.这位老人走得很慢。2.副词修饰形容词、副词时，通常位于被修饰的词前。The book is very interesting.I like it very m uch.这本书很有意思，我很喜欢。He plays quite w ell.他表现得相当好。3.副词修饰数词时，通常位于数词前。The woman is over forty,but she looks young.这女人四十多了，但看
26、起来却很年轻。【典例精析】The children look very today.They are playing in the park.A.happy;happy B.happily;happily C.happy;happily D.happily;happy【答案】C【解析】look为系动词后面接形容词，用 happy.Play为动词应用副词修饰，所以选择happily.随堂小练习I1.The dress is expensive.I cant afford it.A.too B.to C.two D.not2.She sings very.A.good B.well考点二副词的比较
27、等级1.副词比较等级的构成副词有三个比较等级原级、比较级和最高级。副词比较等级分为规则变化和不规则变化。I.副词比较级的规则变化情况改法原级比较级单音节词和少数双音节词词尾加erfasthardfasterharder以字母e 结尾的单音节词词尾加rlatelater两个或两个以上音节的词在此前加moreeasilyquicklyMore easilyMore quicklyII副词比较级的不规则变化常见副词比较等级的不规则变化表原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherf
28、arther/further二、副词原级及比较级的用法(-)副词的原级副词的原级用于两个人或事物的比较，有肯定结构和否定结构两种形式。A.肯定结构as+副词原级+a s,意思是：.和一样。Li Lei studies as hard as Zhang T ao.李磊和张涛一样刻苦努力。B.否定结构not as+副词原级+as或 not so+副词原级+a s,意思是：.不及.Li Lei studies not as/so hard as Zhang Tao.李磊学习不及张涛刻苦。【典例精析】Does he work as as Tina.A.hard B.harder C.hardly【答案
29、】A.【解析】as.a s中间加副词原级随堂小练习21.She can sing IA.as good as B.as better as C.as best as D as well as2.Steve works not as as Kelly.He often makes mistakes in his writing.A.careless B.more carefully C.carefully D.most carefully（二）副词比较级副词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，结构：副词比较级+than,意为“比.更.”Lily runs faster than Lucy.丽丽比露西
30、跑得快。【典例精析】The girl in red sing than the girl in blue.A.well B.good C.best D.better【答案】D.【解析】副词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，结构：副词比较级+than,所以选择D,修饰 sing用 w ell,而 better为 well比较级。随堂小练习3Who gets up（early）,Tim or Tom?（三）副词的最高级三者或三者以上的比较“最.”要用最高级，也就是说，副词的最高级用于至少三个人或事物的比较。副词最高级的结构为“（the）+副词最高级+比较级范围”，意为“.最.形容词最高级前面必须加定
31、冠词the,但如果最高级前面有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰时，则不用定冠词。形容词最高级常与由介词in或 o f 引导的表示范围的短语连用。若介词后的名词或代词与句中的主语是同一事物，则 用 o f 短语；当只说明是在某一空间、时间范围内的比较时，则用in短语。【典例精析】Of the three cinema,you can buy movie tickets at Town Cinema.A.more quickly B.most quicklyC.quicker D.quickly【答案】B.【解析】副词的最高级用于至少三个人或事物的比较。此题有三个电影院，此外。副词最高级的结构
32、为“（the）+副词最高级+比较级范围”。所以选择B。随堂小练习4Of three students,Tom runs_.A.fast B.faster C.fastest随堂小练习参考答案1.A B 2.D C 3.earlier4.C一.写出下列副词的比较级和最高级。hardfastearlywellcarefully littlefarbadly二.用副词的适当形式填空。1.Joan da nc e s.She dances than Rose.my father gotspaceship fliesBut Mary dancesin her class.(well)2.Which do
33、 you like_(well),apples,oranges or pears?3.My mother always gets up _ in ourfamily,but yesterdayup_ than she.(early)4.Can a plane fly_ _ than a spaceship(宇宙飞船)？I think amuch_than a plane.(fast)5.My job is to study English(good).6.Twenty minutes_(late),she will come with Ann.7.David writes more_(care
34、)than Jane.8.The_(much)food you eat,the_ _(fat)youll get.三、读一读，连一连。1.usually不久 deeply迅速地2.sometimes免费 There骄傲地3.loudly从不 quickly深深地4.never那时 quite相当5.then大声地 well那样6.soon通常 proudly在那里7.free提早 that足够8.early有时 enough好四、选词填空carefully sometimesalways quietlyoutsidethen bravely verywell beautifully1.John
35、 is late for school.This made his teacher very angry.2.The children are playing games.3.The students are sleeping.Walk into the c l a s s r o o m.4.we play computer games at the weekends.5.Jim likes Chinese very much and he does in it.6.You should listen it.7.The joke is funny.8.There is no milk in
36、the fridge.Have some j ui ce.参考答案一、harder hardestearlier earliestmore carefullymost carefullyfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestfaster fastestbetter bestless leastworse worst二、1.well betterbest2.best3.earliest earlier4.fasterfaster5.well6.later7.carefully8.more fatter三、略四、1.always2.outside 3.quietly4.Sometimes5.well6.carefully?,very8.then