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1、专题0 7阅读理解说明文、议论文一、2022年高考真题1.（2022 4；全国甲卷）Goffins cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to havesimilar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds haveproved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a r
2、ecent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with anut inside it.The clear front of the box had a“keyhole”in a geometric shape,and the birds were given five differentlyshaped keys to choose from.Inserting the correct key would let out the nut.In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round
3、 hole from around one year of age,but it will be another yearbefore they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对前:的）shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape willneed to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an uallocentric frame of reference”.In theexperiment,Go
4、ffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used,the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffinscockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects
5、in space,similar to two-year-oldbabies.The next step according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visualclues（线索）,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A.By follo
6、wing instructions.B.By using a tool.C.By turning the box around.D.By removing the lid.25.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A.Using a key to unlock a door.B.Telling parrots from other birds.C.Putting a ball into a round hole.D.Grouping toys of different sha
7、pes.26.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A.How far they are able to see.B.How they track moving objects.C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.27.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checker
8、sB.Cockatoos:Independent L earnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters2.（2022年全国甲卷）Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discovered its harbor.Then,one after another,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of
9、there-broad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.I spent the wholemorning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.After our third run Andrew shut d
10、own the engine,and we wentour separate ways-he for a lunch break,I to explore the city.Ill miss these old boats,“he said as we parted.“How do you mean?I asked.“Oh,theyre replacing them with catamarans.Catamarans are faster,but theyre not so elegant,and theyre notfun to pilot.But thats progress,I gue
11、ss.”Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and progress are the watchwords（口 号）,and traditions areincreasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the citys official historian,told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,Sydney swept aside much of its past,including many of its finest buildings.Sydney is
12、confused about itself,9 shesaid.We cant seem to make up our minds whether we want a modem city or a traditional one.Ifs a conflict that wearent getting any better at resolving（解决）On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this when I met athoughtful young
13、 businessman named Anthony.uMany people say that we lack culture in this country,he told me.“What people forget is that the Italians,when they came to Australia,brought 2000 years of their culture,the Greekssome 3000 years,and the Chinese more still.Weve got a foundation built on ancient cultures bu
14、t with a drive anddynamism of a young country.It9s a pretty hard combination to beat.”He is right,but I cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.Sydneys striking architecture.C.The key to Sydneys development.33.What can we learn about Andrew R
15、eynolds?A.He goes to work by boat.C.He pilots catamarans well.34.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.D.Sydneys tourist attractions in the 1960s.B.He looks forward to a new life.D.He is attached to the old ferries.A.It is losing its traditions.B.It should s
16、peed up its progress.C.It should expand its population.D.It is becoming more international.35.Which statement will the author probably agree with?A.A city can be young and old at the same time.B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
17、D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.3.（2022年全国乙卷）Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?That is the very likely future of applying todays ueyes inthe sky t
18、echnology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure（基不出设施）worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thingto inspect railway lines and other vital aspects
19、 of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracksand switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected,the more railway safety,reliability and on-timeperformance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.That includes
20、huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It iscalculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,includingsending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dang
21、erous workthat could be avoided with drones assisting the crews*efforts.By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detectingfaults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks,drones for raildont n
22、eed to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future.Theywill be moving on the track ahead of the train,and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones withadvanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With
23、 their ability to seeahead,they could signal any problem,so that fost-moving trains would be able to react in time.28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.B.Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C.The reduction of cost in desig
24、ning drones.D.Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29.What does maintenance underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Personnel safety.B.Assistance from drones.C.Inspection and repair.D.Construction of infrastructure.30.What function is expected of the rail drones?A.To provide early warning.B.To m
25、ake trains run automatically.C.To earn profits for the crews.D.To accelerate transportation.31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A.What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB.How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC.What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD.How Drones Will Change the Fu
26、ture of Railways4.（2022年全国乙卷）The Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted itwould generate,the first official data on the policy has shown.First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar pe
27、r100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.It is believed that todays children and teenagersare consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520m a year for the Treasury.However,data of
28、the first sixmonths showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate 240m for the yearending in April 2019,which will go to school sports.It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can a
29、void paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result ofmanufacturers efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have beenforced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the
30、 sugarcontent.However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing tochange for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than Im litres per year.To
31、days figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having byraising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation tohave a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is pla
32、ying its part.32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?A.To collect money for schools.B.To improve the quality of drinks.C.To protect childrens health.D.To encourage research in education.33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A.They turned to overseas markets.B.They raised the prices
33、of their products.C.They cut down on their production.D.They reduced their products sugar content.34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?A.Most alcoholic drinks.B.Milk-based drinks.C.Fruit juices.D.Classic Coke.35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?A.I
34、t is a short-sighted decision.B.It is a success story.C.It benefits manufacturers.D.It upsets customers.5.（2022年全国高考新高考I 卷）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the common m and a to the rare clicks ofsome southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than o
35、thers?A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in halfthe worlds languages.More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as f and v”,were more common in the langu
36、ages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led byDamian Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）,making ithard to produce labiodentals,whic
37、h are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.L ater,our jawschanged to an overbite structure（结构）,making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithicperiod.Food became easier to chew at this p
38、oint.The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt growto be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of worldlanguages after the Neolithic age,with the use of and increasing remarkably during the last few thousandyears.These sounds
39、 are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beingsevolved around 300,000 years ago.The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since theappearance of h
40、uman beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of acomplex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,u said Steven Moran,a member of theresearch team.32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasis research fbcus on?A.I
41、ts variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B.They could not open and close their lips easily.C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D.Their lower front te
42、eth were not large enough.34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A.Supporting evidence for the research results.B.Potential application of the research findings.C.A further explanation of the research methods.D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of
43、 human speech sounds?A.It is key to effective communication.B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.C.It is a complex and dynamic system.D.It drives the evolution of human beings.6.（2022年全国高考新高考II卷）Over the last seven years,most states have banned texting by drivers,and public service campaigns
44、have tried awide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.Yet the problem,by just about any measure,appears to be getting worse.Americans are still texting whiledriving,as well as using social networks and taking photos.Road accidents,which had fall
45、en for years,are now risingsharply.That is partly because people are driving more,but Mark Rosekind,the chief of the National Highway TrafficSafety Administration,said distracted（分心）driving was only increasing,unfortunately.Big change requires big ideas.n he said in a speech last month,referring bro
46、adly to the need to improve roadsafety.So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior,lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to anold approach:They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called t
47、he Textalyzer.It would worklike this:An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer tocheck in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is no
48、t allowed under New Yorks hands-free driving laws.*We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,M said Felix W.Ortiz,who pushed for thestates 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,people are going to bemore afraid to put their hands on
49、 the cell phone.n8.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers1 texting in the US?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.9.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?A.Where a driver came from.B.Whether a driver used their phone.C.How fast a driver was going.D.W
50、hen a driver arrived at the scene.10.What does the underlined word something1 in the last paragraph refer to?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.L aws.11.What is a suitable title for the text?A.To Drive or Not to Drive?Think Before You StartB.Texting and Driving?Watch Out for the TextalyzerC.New York Banning