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1、第01讲：名校高中自主招生完形填空题 考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接Q解 题 技 巧+一、利用文章首句信息解题 例 1 Over the past few decades,more and more countries have opened up the markets,increasinglytransforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market.The question is:Is economicglobalization 50 for all?（2013 年上海英语高考）50.A.possible B.smo
2、oth C.good D.easy【答案】C【解析】根据文章首句解题。本题是整篇完型的首句，强调开放市场的好处，后文中的“The question”表转折，突出经济全球化是否并无弊端，因此选C 选项。例 2 Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining（留住）customers.It sounds simple and achievable.But,50,words of wisdom are soon forgotten.（2011年上海高考英语）50.A.in pa
3、rticular B.in reality C.at least D.first of all【答案】B【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是文章开头句，根据句意，做生意看似简单，但事实上并没有想象中的简单，所以选B 选项。例 3 Most people believe they dont have much imagination.They are 50.Everyone has imagination.（2009年上海高考英语）50.A.wrongB.unbelievableC.reasonableD.realistic【答案】A【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是整篇完型的开头句，空格的前后表示对
4、于想象力的相反的观点,因此选择A 选项。二、利用逻辑关系解题 例 1 Critics take a different view,believing that economic globalization is actually 57 the gapbetween the rich and poor.（2013 年上海高考英语）57.A.finding B.exploring C.bridging D.widening【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。完型前文提到经济全球化的利处，本句笔锋一转，表明经济全球化也有弊端，那就是能增大贫富差距，选 择 D 选项，考生容易对于gap一词的不熟悉做出
5、误判。例 2 In some situations,those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid.56,ina field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport.（2012年上海高考英语）56.A.At first B.Above all C.In addition D.For example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。本题空格的前文是
6、观点句，后文则是以具体的研究来证明观点，根据两者间的逻辑关系，属于观点与举例，因此选择D 选项。【例 3】A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 neverreturns,is losing the company thousands of dollars in potential profits.（2011年上海高考英语）58.A.as a result B.on the whole C.in conclusion D.on the contrary【答案】A【
7、解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文表明顾客收到劣质产品，后文则说不再购买公司产品，两者是逻辑关系中的因果关系，选填表示因果关系的as a result。例 4 What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadwayshows go through?The answer is adding,deleting,replacing,reordering,51 revising.（2010 年上海高考英语）51.A.in particular B.as a result C.f
8、or example D.in other words【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。前文提到百老汇演出所经历的步骤，涉及添加、删除、替换和重新排序。这些步骤和后文的revise所表述的意思是一致的，选 D 选项。例 5 Think about your goal and the new possibilities.If your goal is to learn to ski,60,you cannow practice skiing every day of your life（because you have the time and the money）.（2009年上海高考英语）
9、60.A.in fact B.in particular C.as a whole D.for example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文是观点句，后文则举了滑雪的例子具体来说明确定目标的新的可能性的观点，选填D 选项。三、利用词汇复现解题 例 1 The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it ornot.Results showed that people were more likely to 59 the application if
10、the person in the photo wasphysically attractive.（2012 年上海高考英语）59.A.send in B.throw away C.fill out D.turn down【答案】A【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据上文提到的“mail”一词，空格处填相近含义的“send in ，因此选择A 选项。例 2 The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny.t6In practice most companiesmarketing effort is focused on g
11、etting customers,with little attention paid to keeping them”.（2011 年上海高考英语）60.A.beliefs B.loyalty C.habits D.interest【答案】B【解析】根据词汇复现解题。空格后文提到大多数公司花尽很大努力开发客户，而很少关注留住客户，其中的“keeping them”需要特别关注，空格处因此填写表忠诚度的“loyalty”。例 3 When you revise,you change aspects of your work in response to your evolving purpos
12、e,or toinclude 55 ideas or newly discovered information.（2010 年上海高考英语）55.A.fixed B.ambitious C.familiar D.fresh【答案】D【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据后文的newly discovered,选填同一含义的“fresh”作为正确选项。例 4Do I ever lose sight of my purpose?Have I given my readers all of the 63 that is,facts,opinions.（2010年上海高考英语）63.A.angles B.ev
13、idence C.information D.hints【答案】C【解析】根据词汇复现解题。后文的facts,opinions统一都是information,因此选择C 选项。四、利用对比信息解题 例 1 Small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.（2013年上海高考英语）56.A.mature B.new C.local D.fo
14、reign【答案】C【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提到“promote their goods worldwiden,则前文应是相对应的ulocalopen-air markets v,选择 C 选项。例 2 When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods,or when superstores likeWal-Mart move in,these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out.（2013 年上海高考英语）62.A.ke
15、ep up B.come in C.go around D.help out【答案】A【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文是be crowded o u t,空格处相对地填写表示反义的“keep up”,选择A 选项。例 3 The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very 58 person and sometimesthat of a less attractive person.（2012 年上海高考英语）58.A.talented B.good-looking C.helpful D.hard-working
16、【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。空格后文的信息和前文很明显是对比关系，后文是less attractive,则前文选填表示相貌好的good-looking o【例 4】Making connections:This technique involves taking 54 ideas and trying to find links betweenthem.（2009年上海高考英语）54.A.familiar B.unrelated C.creative D.imaginary【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提至 links between them”,则前面填写相反的表述unre
17、lated,答案是B 选项。五、利用语义理解解题 例 1 A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension ofGlobalization shows that only a few developing countries have actual I y 58 from integration into theworld economy.（2013年上海高考英语）58.A.suffered B.profited C.learned D.withdrawn【答案】B【解析】根据语
18、义理解解题。本题所在的段落谈论经济全球化的弊端，因此此处的语义表达应为真正从经济全球化受益的发展中国家很少，选择B 选项。例 2 53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts ofmoney annually.（2011年上海高考英语）53.A.Moving,B.Hoping C.Starting D.Failing【答案】D【解析】根据语义理解解题。后文提到每年消耗了公司大量的金钱，显然之前提到的事情是不好的，选 择 Failing”。【例 3 Howeve
19、r,dont make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 58.（2010 年上海高考英语）58.A.drafting B.rearranging C.performing D.training【答案】A【解析】根据语义理解解题。根据语义，显然修改是在打草稿之后发生的，选择A 选项。典 例 剖 析-Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in e
20、ach blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control peoples self-interest in the service ofthe common good.The_21_of a ticket keeps drivers in line,and the promise of a bonus inspires highperformance.But incentives（激励）can also
21、 _22_,minifying the very behavior theyre meant toencourage.A generation ago,Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood _23_the supply.Economists were skeptical,citing a lack of scientific evidence.But since then,new data and models haveprompted a sea change in how economists think ab
22、out incentives-showing,among other things,that Titmusswas right in so many cases that businesses should_24_.Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases thenumber willing to donate by almost half,and that letting them contribute the payment to charity_25
23、_the effect.Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can havethe opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called“the moral sentiments（情绪）Thepsychology here has escaped blackboard economists,but it will be no suiprise to people in business:Whenw
24、e take a job or buy a car,we are not only trying to get stuff we are also trying to be a certain kind of person._26_,people desire to be respected by others as ethical and_ 27_.And they dont want to be takenfor losers.Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests t
25、hat the donoris less interested in being_28_than in making a dollar.Incentives also run into trouble when they signalthat the employer _29_ the employee or is greedy.Close supervision of workers coupled with30 for performance is textbook economics,but it can lead to the depression of employees.Perha
26、ps most important,incentives affect what our actions signal,whether were being self-interested orcivic-minded,manipulated or trusted and they can imply-sometimes wrongly what 31 us.Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval（think of littering）can be
27、 highly effective.But incentives go wrong when they 32 or diminish our ethicalsensibilities.This does not mean its 33 to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the sametime just that efforts to do so often f ai l.34,policies support socially valued ends not only bycontrolling self-inte
28、rest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness.The small tax on plastic grocery bagspassed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect.Itpunished offenders 35 while conveying a moral message.Carrying a plastic bag joined wearinga fur coat
29、 in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.21.A.temptationB.threatC.valueD.equivalent22.A.overflowB.backfireC.surviveD.work23.A.reducedB.affectedC.affordedD.balanced24.A.cut backB.stand byC.take noteD.hold on25.A.causeB.reverseC.takeD.detect26.A.In other wordsB.On the contraryC.By contrastD.In addi
30、tion27.A.satisfiedB.determinedC.dignifiedD.discouraged28.A.unselfishB.ambitiousC.thoughtfulD.aggressive29.A.boastsB.valuesC.encouragesD.mistrusts30.A.requirementB.criticismC.implicationD.reward31.A.supportsB.threatensC.motivatesD.changes32.A.refineB.offendC.controlD.arouse33.A.impossibleB.strangeC.n
31、ecessaryD.abnormal34.A.RarelyB.OccasionallyC.SurprisinglyD.Ideally35.A.publiclyB.severelyC.monetarilyD.mildly【答案】21.B 22,B23.A 24.C25.B 26.B 27.C28.A 29.A 30.D31.C 32.B 33.A34.D 35.C【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。本文就经济激励产生适得其反结果的现象做了深入探讨。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：交通违章罚款单的威胁可使驾车者保持队列，而关于奖金红利的许诺可以激发高业绩。A.temptation诱 惑;B.thr
32、eat威胁；C.value价值；D.equivalent对等的人;当量。根据上文“Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control peoples self-interest in the service ofthe common good.”可知，各类组织和团体依靠罚款和奖金来控制人们在公益服务中的自私自利。因此推断交通罚单的威胁可以让司机有秩序。故选B。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是激励也可能产生适得其反的结果减少原本想要鼓励的行为。A.overflow 溢出；B.backfire 适得其反；C.s
33、urvive 幸存；D.work 工作。根据下文“minifying the verybehavior theyre meant to encourage.“可知，激励减少了原本要鼓励的行为，因此产生了适得其反的结果。故选B。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句 意:约 2030年之前,理查德蒂特马斯（Richard Titmuss）声称，付钱让人们献血会减少血液供应。A.reduced减少；B.affected影响；C.afforded给予；提供；D.balanced保持稳定。根据上文“But incentives（激励）can al s o,minifying the very behavi
34、or theyre meant toencourage.”可知，激励可以产生适得其反的结果，减少原本要激励的行为，因此推断付钱让人们献血会减少供应。故选A。【24题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：但自那以后，新的数据和模型促使经济学家对激励的看法发生了翻天覆地的变化这表明，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确的，企业应该注意到这一点。A.cut back削减；B.standby支持；袖手旁观；C.take note注意到；记笔记；D.holdon等一下；继续。根据上文“Titmusswas right in so many cases”可推断，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确，因此企业应该注意。故选C。【2
35、5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：实验经济学家发现，给捐血女性提供报酬使愿意捐血的人数减少了将近一半，而让她们将捐血所得贡献给福利事业扭转了这个局面。A.cause导致；B.reverse撤销；颠倒；C.take 拿；取；D.detect 发现；觉察。根据第一段的But incentives（激励）can also 2,minifying thevery behavior theyre meant to encourage.”可推断，激励会产生适得其反的结果，因此推断给捐血的女性报酬没有更多的人献血，但是让她们把捐血所得给福利事业就扭转了局面。故选B。【26题详解】考查固定短语辨析。句意：恰恰
36、相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。A.In other words 换句话说；B.On the contrary 恰恰相反；C.By contrast 相比之下；D.In addition此 夕 卜。根据上文“Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentivescan have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called the moral sentiments（情
37、绪）可知，大量近期的实验表明，当激励损害了亚当 斯密所说的“道德情操”时，以经济激励奖赏私利可能产生适得其反的结果。因此推断，相反的，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和美好情操的人。故选B。【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。A.satisfied满意的；B.determined意志坚定的；C.dignified有尊严的；D.discouraged灰心的。根据上文“people desire to be respected by others”可知，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人
38、。故选C。【28题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：奖励献血可能达不到预期的目的，是因为它暗含“捐血者对无私奉献的兴趣少于对挣钱的热衷”之意。A.unselfish无私的；慷慨的；B.ambitious雄心勃勃的；C.thoughtful体贴的；D.aggressive 咄咄逼人的。根据上文“letting them contribute the payment to charity”可知，此处说的是无私奉献与挣钱进行对比。故选A。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当激励暗示雇主夸耀雇员或贪婪时，激励也会遇到麻烦。A.boasts自吹自擂；夸耀；B.values重视；C.encourages
39、鼓励；D.mistrusts不信任。由下文的“greedy”可推断，此处表示雇主过分夸耀雇工，激励也会遇到麻烦，故选A。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：密切监督员工并对其表现进行奖励是典型的经济学，但这可能会导致员工的抑郁。A.requirement 要求；B.criticism 批评；C.implication 暗示；D.reward 奖赏。根据下文“forperformance is textbook economics”和常识可知，员工会因为好的表现被给予奖励。故选D。【31题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：或许最为重要的是，激励影响我们的行为所传达的信息：我们是自私自利还是热心公益
40、，被操控还是被信任，而且激励可以暗示有时错误地暗示我们的动机是什么。A.supports 支持；B.threatens 威胁；C.motivates 激励；D.change 改变。由破折号后对前文“whetherwere being self-interested or civic-minded,manipulated or trusted（我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任）“解释说明可知，此处说的是是什么激励了我们。故选C。【32题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过传达社会的不赞同来启发我们的道德情操的罚款或者公开批评（如乱丢垃圾）颇具成效。可是一旦触犯或者削弱了我们的道德感情，
41、激励就会出问题。A.refine改善；B.offend冒犯；C.control控制；D.arouse引起。由 But可推断，上下文是转折关系，根据上文“Finesorpublic criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval（think of littering）can behighly effective.”可推断，触犯或者削弱道德情感会让激励出问题。故选B。【33题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的只是这样的努力往往以失败告终。A
42、.impossible不可能的；B.strange奇怪的；C.necessary必要的；D.abnormal 不正常的。根据下文“policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self-interestbut also by encouraging public-spiritedness.（政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标）”可知，这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的。故选 Ao【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：理想的状况下，政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通
43、过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标。A.Rarely很少；B.Occasionally偶尔；C.Surprisingly出人意料地;D.Ideally理想地。根据常识可知，既治理了自私又鼓励了公共道德是理想的。故选D。【35题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：它在从金钱上惩罚违规者的同时，也传达了一种道德信息。A.publicly公然地；B.severely严重地；C.monetarily财政地；从金钱上；D.mildly温和地。根据上文“The smalltax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that res
44、ulted in their virtual elimination appearsto have had such an effect.（2002年爱尔兰通过的向塑料杂货袋征收小额税款（的法案）取得了实际上消除塑料袋的结果，这似乎就起到了这样的效果。）”可知，从金钱上惩罚了冒犯者。故选C。Q实战演练一1.Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,Cand D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase th
45、at best fits the context.Should you listen to music when you work?Do you like to listen to music when you work?Ask this question at a party,and youUl probably get 31 responses.Some will say they love it,claiming that it improves their performance;others will say they find it distracting(分散注意力的)andca
46、nnot work 32 with music playing in the background.Interestingly enough,our research has found that both of these viewpoints can be true.It just 33on what sort of work youre doing.In a recent study,we brought participants into our lab to perform a variety of tasks.They included a(n)34 task-searching
47、through word lists and crossing out words containing the letter a and a moredifficult taskmemorizing word pairs and 35 word to its partner.Some participants completed allof the tasks in silence,36 others completed the tasks with instrumental music that was cither loudor soft,and either simple or com
48、plex,the latter meaning music with more instruments being played.Several key findings 37 from our study.We found that participants who listened to simple music or no music performed about the same on theeasy task.However,participants who listened to 38 music performed best on the easy taskOn the con
49、trary,participants performed worse on the more difficult task when they listened to anymusic,regardless of complexity or volume,compared to those who didnt listen to any music.How should we 39 these findings?We suggest that people have limited mental resources from which both 40 and tasks can draw.W
50、e can become 41 and our minds may wander when these resources are not fully used.But wealso can become over-excited and 42 when these resources are used up.Not surprisingly,we typically need to use fewer of our mental resources when we perform easy tasks,whereas demanding tasks require more brainpow