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1、一.名词：Noun名词解说：名词是用来表示人名、地名、时间、事件名称及抽象概念的词。高考聚焦：名词的复数、可数与不可数、近义词辨析、名词的习惯用法。1.名词的性：表示男人或雄性动物的名词属于阳性，表示女人或雌性动物的名词属于阴性，其他名词属于中性。注意以下名词的区别：阳性：bull公牛，cock公鸡，king国王，actor男演员，prince 王子，waiter服务员,policeman 警察,salesman售货员,landlord 房东，male男性，goat公羊，wolf公狼。阴性：cow母牛，hen母鸡，queen王后，actress女演员，princess 公主，waitress女
2、服务员，policewoman 女警察，saleswoman女售货员,landlady女房东，female 女性，she-goat 母羊，she-wolf 母狼。2.名词的数：名词的不规则变化：a.内 部 元 音 发 生 变化:man-men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice.b.词尾加-en-ren:ox-oxen,child-childrenc.单 复 数 通 形：sh eep绵 羊,fis h鱼，d e e r鹿，Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,means 方法，crossroads 十字路口,
3、works 工厂，species 种类。d.注意：l.chicken当“小鸡”讲时，是可数n,：There are a lot of chickens in the fields.田地里有很多小鸡。当“鸡肉讲时，是不可数的。I prefer chicken to fish.我喜欢吃鸡肉而不喜欢吃鱼肉。2 fs h当“鱼”讲时，单复数同形，是可数的。例：She gave me two行sh.她给了我两条鱼。Fish当“鱼的种类”讲时，复数形式为fishes.例：There are two耸shes in the pool.这个池塘里有两种鱼。Fish当“鱼肉”讲时，是不可数的。例：There i
4、snt much fish on the plate.盘子里的鱼肉不多。复合名词的复数形式：通常是将其主要名词变为复数。如：Passer-by,passers-by.过路人。Shoe-maker;shoe-makers,匠Looker-on,lookers-on 旁观者。Father-in-law,fathers-in-law岳父若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加-s。如：Go-between,go-betweens,中间人，媒人。Know-all,know-alls,万事通。注忌：由man/woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词，在变复数时 man/woman以及其后的名词均应变为复数。
5、如：Man doctormen doctors,男医生Woman writer-women writers,女作家单位词 piece 与 pair：L不可数名词计数常用piece,意 为“张，块，条”等。如：A piece ofpaper/news/bread/meat/information/wood/advice/chalk/ice/music/furniture.2.pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”，或由两部分合成的“一条，一副，一把”等。如：A pair ofshoes/wings/gloves/socks/glasses/trousers/shorts(fiW)几组集
6、合名词的用法特点：L family 家庭，team 队，class 班，audience 听众等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。如：This class has 40 pupils.这个班有 40 个学生。This class are playing football now.这个班的学生正在踢足球。2.cattle牛,people人,police警察等,其用法特点为：只有单数形式，但表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，不与a/an连用，但可与the连用。如：people are beginning to talk about her.人们开始
7、议论她。The police were after him.警察正在追捕他。3.goods货物，clothes衣服等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式，表复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，但通常不与数词连用。如：Such clothes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。The goods were stolen.货物被偷 了。4.baggage/luggage 行李，clothing 衣 月 艮，furniture 家具，poetry诗，scenery风景，jewelry珠宝等，其用法特点是:是不可数名词，只用单数形式，作主语时谓语动词用单数。如：Our clothing prot
8、ects us from the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。Is this all your baggage?这就是你所有的行李吗？3.名词的格：l.-4S 用于有生命的名词，有时也用于无生命的名词，如：My mothers bag,the horses tail.Two days journey,the earth?s surface,the moons rays 月光。2.of 一般用于无生命的名词所有格，如：The title of the novel,at the end of the road.3.of所有格也可用于有生命的人或物，有时可与-气呼唤。如：Mr.Smiths son
9、=the son of Mr.Smith.Jims patience=the patience of Jim4 双重所有格：是 指 将 与 o f所有格结合起来一起使用,如：A friend of my fathers.我父亲的一位朋友。A photo of Mr.Sm iths.史密斯先生（收集）的一张照片。有时既可使用双重所有格也可使用o f所有格，但含义稍有差别，如：A photo of M ary.玛 丽（收藏）的一张照片（不一定是她本人的照片）A photo of Mary.一张玛丽的照片（是她本人的照片）4.易混名词辨析：Sound,noise,voice1.Sound声音、音响，
10、含义最广，指人能听到的任何声音。如：We couldnt hear a sound here.2.noise噪音、喧闹声，指不悦耳的、不和谐的嘈杂声、喧闹声。如：He enjoys the country life,away from city noise.3.voice指说话声、歌唱声、鸟叫声、电台声音等。如；Dont speak in such a high voice.说话声音不要这么大。Home,house,family1.home“家，家庭，住所”强调一个人以及被抚养长大的环境。如：He is glad to see his old home once again.他很高兴再次见到自
11、己的家。2.house“住宅，房子”一般指供人居住的建筑物本身。如:Many new houses have been put up.很多新住宅已经建成。3.family“家，家庭”一般指一种社会结构的家庭，也可指家庭各成员。如；He was born in a doctors family.他出生在一个医生家庭。His family are all very worried about him.他的家人都对他很担心Some time,sometime,sometimes1.some time 一段时间”，如：I havent heard from him for some time sinc
12、e he went abroad.自他去国外以来，我有一段时间没收到他的来信了。2.sometime 某个时候、有朝一日、日后”，可指过去，也可指将来。如：I met her sometime last year.我去年某个时候见过他。I will call you up sometime tomorrow.我明天某个时候会给你打电话。3.sometimes“有口寸候”，不能表示一段时间。如：Sometimes I can receive more than 20 emails a day.有时我天能收到20多封电子邮件。二.冠 词一.冠词概述：用于名词前说明和限定名词，表示泛指或特指的虚词。
13、分为不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。“不定”指“不确定或泛指”，“定”指“确定或特指”。例：Ifs a very interesting行 lm.那是一部很有趣的电影。The book on the desk is mine.桌上的书是我的。Many people are out of work.许多人失业了。二.冠词的位置：一般放在名词前，若名词前有形容词等修饰语，则放在相应的修饰语之前。如：It is a book.The old man is her father.特殊位置：1.若修饰名词的形容词受too,so,as,how,however等副词修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间。如：
14、He is as good a student as his brother.他跟他兄弟一样是好学生。He is so clever a boy that we all like him.他很聪明，我们都喜欢他。Ifs too small a box to put it in.要把它放进去，这盒子太小了。2.若单数可数名词前有such,what,many等词修饰，不定冠词应置于这些修饰语之后。如：What a beautiful flower.多美的花啊！We seldom hear such a strange story.我们很少听到这么奇怪的故事。I have never seen su
15、ch a big apple.我从未见过那么大的苹果。3.不定冠词与副词quite,rather连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词可以放在rather之前。如：You have quite a memory.你记性真好。（a必须后置）。He is rather a clever boy.It was a rather difficult question.三.不定冠词的用法：a 用于读音以辅音音标开头的单词，a n 用于元音音标开头的单词。如：a student,a boy,a desk,an apple,an egg,an old man.注居、：1.表
16、示“一”的时候类似于one,但语气比one弱。如：He asked me for a day off.He spent an hour reading the passage.从本质上说，不定冠词侧重指“类别”概念，而数词o n e侧重指“数量”概念。如：I bought a pen.（买的是钢笔，不是铅笔或其他）I bought one pen.（是一支，不是两支或三支）2.当要强调数量概念或进行数量对比时，只能用数词。ne.如：I want one egg,not two eggs.3.用于序数词之前，表示数量或序数的增加。如：Shall I ask him a third time?我还
17、要问他一次吗？（问第三次需记忆的短语：a few（接可数名词复数），a little（接不可数名词）have a rest 休息一会 二have a breakhave a good time 玩的开心愉快，=have funhave a cold 感冒=catch a coldhave a fever 发烧，give a talk 做演讲。四.定冠词的用法：1.与某些形容词连用表示类别：与表示特征、特性、品质等形容词连用。如：The rich,the poor,the blind,the sick,the old,the young,thedead,the strong.注意：这类用法往往具
18、有复数概念，如：The rich are not always happier than the poor.富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。与表国籍的形容词连用。如：The British/English/French/Chinese/JapaneseThe British drink a great deal of tea.The Chinese are a friendly people.中华民族是一个友善的民族。2.特指前面提到的人或物。如：Look!A car stopped there.The car is beautiful.3特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物。如：Please o
19、pen the window.I dont like the books.4.用于表示独一无二的事物。如：The moon has come out.月亮出 来了。The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。4.用于表示方位或方向的名词前，如：The sun rises in the east.Turn to the right at the second crossing.第二个十字路 口右拐。5.用于序数词或形容词最高级前，如：I was the first one to arrive.This is the worst room in the hotel.
20、6.用于乐器名词前表示演奏。如：He plays the piano very well.He bought a piano for his son.（比较）7.用于姓氏的复数前，表示全家人或全家人中两个或两个以上的人。如：The Smiths live next to us.The Greens have no children.8.用于逢整十的数词复数前，指世纪中的年代。如：The war broke out in the thirties.战争发生在 30 年代。五.零冠词的用法：1.用于物质名词前：物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词。如：Snow is white.雪是白色的。
21、Water boils at 100.若特指，物质名词前可用定冠词。如：Lets take a walk in the snow.咱们到雪地里走走。表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等概念时，可用不定冠词，如：It was a very good te a.这是一种很好的茶。A heavy snow was falling.下着一场大雪。A tea and two coffees,please.请给我来一杯茶和两杯咖啡。2.用于抽象名词前：抽象名词表泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词。如：Do you like music?Failure is the mother of success.4.用于专
22、有名词前：如：Mary is my best friend.5.用于复数名词前：复数名词表示类别时，通常用零冠词。如：Teachers should be kind to their students.老师应该对学生好。泛指不定量的人或物，也用零冠词，如：We are students of Class Five.6.节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前通常用零冠词，如:We had a good time on Christmas Day.Monday comes before Tuesday.He was born in September,1988.中国传统节日的英文说法（由festival
23、构成）通常用定冠词。如：the Spring Festival 春节the Lantern Festival 元宵节the Dragon Boat Festival 端午节the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节7.球类、三餐、茶点等名词前，通常用零冠词。如：They like to play basketball.I go to work after breakfast.They were at tea when I called.我来访时他们正在喝茶（吃茶点。注意:三餐饭被特指可用定冠词,若受形容词修饰且非特指,可用不定冠词，如：It was a wonderful dinn
24、er.How did you like the dinner?8.公园、广场、大学、语言等名词前通常用零冠词，如：Central Park（纽约）中央公园Peking University 北京大学Tiananmen Square 天安 门广场Speak English 说英语9.表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词，若表示相关的活动时，通常用零冠词，如：go to school/bed/church/town/class/college去上学、睡觉、做礼拜、进城、上课、上大学。in bed/school/class/college/church/prison/hospital在睡觉、上学、上课、
25、上大学、做礼拜、坐牢、住院。若不是指活动，而是指具体的实物，则要用冠词，比较：Go to the bed到床边去（侧重指床这个实体）Go to bed上床睡觉（侧重指与床有关的活动，即睡觉）Be in the school在这所学校里Be in school 在上学cinema,theatre是例外，它们表示相关活动时，其前要用定冠词，如：He often goes to the cinema/theatre.他经常去看电影、看戏。I prefer the cinema to the theatre.比起看戏，我还是喜欢看电影。表示乘坐交通工具时通常用零冠词，如：By bus/bike/bic
26、ycle/plane/air/ship/boat/land/sea.练习题：1.In _ most countries,a university degree can give you flying start in life.A.the,the B.the,不填 C.不填，不填 D.不填，a2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in_space,about 900 of which could fall down ontoearth.A.the,the B.不填，the C.the,不填 D.a,the3.Many lifestyle patterns
27、do such_great harm to health.A.a B.不填 C.an4.The fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for Sichuan.A.不填，a B.不填，the C.the,a D.the,the5.If we sit near_front of the bus,well have better view.A.不填，the B.不填，a C.the,a D.a,the6.We can never expect blue sky unless we create less polluted w
28、orld.A.a,a B.a,the C.the,a D.the,the7.Lets go to cinema-you can forget the problem for while.A.the,the B.the,a C.a,the D.a,a二.翻译句子1.我非常喜欢轻音乐。2.他出生于2000年7月。3.她们正在中山公园跳舞。三.用所给短语造句1.be similar to 和.相似2.in other words 换句话说3.look forward to 期待，盼望三.数词一.数词概述：数词是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。数词可分为基数词、序数词、小数、分数、百分数、和倍数。表示数目
29、多少的叫基数词，如 o n e,f i v e,s i x t y-f i v e 等；表顺序先后的叫序数词，如 f i r s t,s i x t h,t e n t h,t w e n t y-f i r s t 等。二.基数词：1.最基本的基数词：o n e,t w o,t h r e e e l e v e n,t w e l v e,t h i r t e e n,f o u r t e e n,f i f t e e n,s i x t e e n,s e v e n t e e n,e i g h t e e n,n i n e t e e n,t w e n t y,t h i
30、 r t y,f o r t y,f i f t y,s i x t y,s e v e n t y,e i g h t y,n i n e t y,a h u n d r e d,a t h o u s a n d,t e n t h o u s a n d,a m i l l i o n（百万），a b i l l i o n （十亿）。2.2 1-9 9 的表示法：先 说“几十”，再 说“几”，中间加连字符。如：2 5：t w e n t y-f i v e 4 4:f o r t y-f o u r3.1 0 1-9 0 9 的表示法：先 说“几百”,后接a n d,再加末尾两位数。如
31、：2 0 6：t w o h u n d r e d a n d s i x9 9 9:n i n e h u n d r e d a n d n i n e t y-n i n e4.1 0 0 0以上的基数词的表示法：先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗号，第一个逗号前的数为t h ou s a nd（千），第二个逗 号 前 的 数 为m iHion（百万），第三个逗号前的数为b il l ion（十亿）,然后一段一段地数。如:6863：s ix t h ou s a nd,e ig h t h u nd re d a nd s ix t y-t h re e365,261:t h re e h
32、 u nd re d a nd s ix t y-f iv e t h ou s a nd,t w oh u nd re d a nd s ix t y-one2,050,331,250:t w o b il l ion,f if t y m il l ion,t h re eh u nd re d a nd t h irt y-one t h ou s a nd,t w o h u nd re d a nd f if t y注忌：1.英语中没有“万”，表 示“万”时用“十 千 如：T e n t h ou s a nd 一万 f if t y t h ou s a nd 五万2.h u nd
33、 re d,t h ou s a nd,m il l ion等词在读数时,即在其前有具体的数字时，用单数形式。如：335：t h re e h u nd re d a nd t h irt y-f iv e （iE）t h re e h u nd re d s a nd t h irt y-f iv e （误）3.若不是用于读数，而是用于表示不确定数目，泛指许多,h u nd re d,m il l ion等词要用复数，且与o f连用。如：t e ns of 数十 h u nd re d s of 数百 t h ou s a nd s of 数千M il l ions of w ork e r
34、s l os t t h e ir w ork.数百万人失业。4.s c ore (20),d oz e n(12)也可表示数量，其用法与h u nd re d,t h ou s a nd类似，但前面有具体数字时不加-s,可 与o f连用。如：a score of books 二十本书two score of books 四十本书scores of books 几十本书a dozen(of)books 十二本书two dozen(of)books 两打书5.基数词表示时刻：对于带“分”的时间,可借助past(过)和to(差)来表示，但是此时的分钟数不能超过3 0,否则应做处理，如：9：38应处
35、理成“10点差22分点 如:9:18 eighteen minutes past nine=nine eighteen10:46 fourteen minutes to eleven=ten forty-six若分钟数为15或4 5,可借用quarter,若分钟数为3 0,可借用half.如：6:15 a quarter past six6:45 a quarter to seven6:30 half past six6.基数词的句法功能：作主语：Two of the girls are from Tokyo.作宾语：Ive just read four parts of the novel.
36、作表语：Im twenty while my brother is sixteen.作定语：We have 300 workers in our company.作同位语：You two clean these seats.三.序数词：1.特殊序数词的拼写形式：fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth,twentieth.2.两位数的词，只需把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。如：twenty-first 第 21.twenty-fifth 第 253.三位数以上的词，只把最后两位数变为序数词，如：第 101：one hundred and first第 999：nine hundre
37、d and ninety-ninth4.在类似编号的场合，基数词和序数词均可用：序数词放在被修饰词之前，基数词放在其后。如：the first lesson=Lesson One 第 1 课the fifth line=Line Five 第 5 行但是，多数情况下用基数词更方便、更合适。如：Book One 第 1 册 Page 12 第 12 页5.序数词前使用冠词的注意事项：序数词前通常用定冠词.如：The second is better than the first.序数词作副词时通常不用冠词。如：I have to finish my homework first.若序数词前有物主
38、代词或名词所有格，则不用冠词。如:his second wife Toms third book某些固定搭配中序数词前不用冠词。如：first of all 首先at first 起初at first sight 乍一看at first thought 乍一 想from first to last 从第 Q 到最后一个四.分数的表示法：口诀：分子基，分母序，分子大于1,分母变复数，分母若遇2或4,half,quarter来代替。如：1/6:a/one sixth2/3:two thirds1/2:a/one half1/4:a/one fourth=a/one quarter五.小数的读法：小
39、数用阿拉伯数字表示,小数点前的数按普通基数词的读法读，小数点后的数每一位都要单独读。如：67.89：sixty-seven point eight nine15.503:fifteen point five zero three0.05:zero point zero five六.百分数的用法：1.表不法：0.3%：zero point three percent0.12%:zero point one two percent2.表示增加或减少的比率时，百分数前用介词b y,表示增加或减少到一个数量时，百分数前用介词to.如：Farmers9 income has increased by 3
40、0%.农民的收入增加了30%oThe investment of the materials has increased to 40%.原料的投资增加到了 40%o七.倍数的用法：表倍数时，一 倍 用 once,两 倍 用 tw ice,三倍以上用“基数词+times”.如：倍数+what从句The value of the house is double what it w as.这所房子的价值是原来的两倍。倍数+比较级+thanThis room is three times larger than yours.这间房子比你们的大三倍。比较级+than+by+倍数程度The line is
41、 longer than that one by tw ice.这根线是那根线的两倍长。The population of China is larger than that of theUS by over 6 tim es.中国人口是美国人口的6 倍多。一.选择题1.It took us quite a long time to get to the Disney Park.It was journey.A.three hour B.a three-hours C.a three-hour D.three hours2.It is reported that the floods have
42、 left about people homeless.A.two thousand B.two一thousands C.two thousands D.two thousands of3.She went to the bookstore and boughtA.dozen books B.dozens books C.dozen of books D.dozens of books4.The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_ used regularly.A.is B.are C.was D.were5.
43、Well be away tomorrow for a holiday.A.two一weeks B.second-weeks C.two一week D.second-weeks6.of the mountains in that area covered with trees and grass.A.Twofifth,is B.Twofifth,are C.Two一fifths,are D.Twofifths,is7.There are months in a year.December is the month of the year.A.twelve,twelve B.twelve,twe
44、lfth C.twelfth,twelve D.twelfth,twelfth8.Threefourths of the surface of the earth covered with water.A.are B.is C.was D.be9.The Olympic Games are heldA.every four years B.every four year C.every fourth years D.every four-years二.运用单词完成句子(必要时可改变单词形式)admit 承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避开，scientific 科学的，liter
45、ature 文学1.The young man that he stole the money.2.1 love reading good.3.1 try to boring people.4.ICs a very interesting experiment.5.Thank you so much.I really your help.三.英汉互译1.由于洪水,许多人失去了他们的家园。(as a result of)2.他的粗心导致了他的失败。(result in)3.他的失败是由他的粗心引起的。(result from)4.This kind of sickness often resul
46、ts from eating too much.5.Such rapid progress has he made that we all admire him.四.代词代词概述：代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。分为人称、物主、反身、相互、疑问、连接、关系、指示、不定代词。一.人称代词：1.1/me,we/us,you/you,he/him,she/her,it/it,they/them.如：You cant eat your cake and have it.汪思：人称代词用于as和 than之后，可以用宾格，也可以用主格。但如果as或 than之后是一个句子则用主格。如：She
47、 speaks Japanese as well as me/I.（口语中常用 me）She speaks Japanese as well as I do.（止 匕 口 寸 用 主 格）人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格。一 Id like to stay here for another week.Me too.2.多个人称代词并列时的顺序：单数的场合：you+he/she+IShe and I are good friends.You,he and I are of the same age.复数的场合：we+you+theyWe and they are longing to see you
48、.男女两性并列场合：he+sheEvery student must have his or her homework finished bytomorrow.承担责任时把I(me)或 we(us)放在第一位。We,you and they have all made mistakes.二.物主代词：1.物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式。2.形容词性物主代词：相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语。如：Everyone must do his work well.注思：形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调，意为“自己的,完全属于自己的。如：I wont believe anythin
49、g unless I see it with my own eyes.形容词物主代词常用来构成固定短语，少。如：Earn ones living 谋生二makeliving.Keep ones word 守信Save ones life 救命Try ones luck 碰运气3.名词性物主代词：相当于名词，This is not my book,mine is lent to Lucy.此时代词不可缺Hold ones breath 屏住呼吸Make ones way 前进Take ones time 慢慢来In ones opinion依某人的观八占、不能用于名词之前。如：I dont li
50、ke her dress while I like yours.可与o f 连用构成双重所有格做定语，如:I am a great admirer of yours.三.反身代词：指一个动作反射到该动作执行者本身或用来加强名词或代词的语气的词，也就是表示“我自己、你自己、他/她/它 自 己 等 如：I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip.（宾语）The poor girl in the picture is myself.（表语）I want to see Bob himself.（同位语）加强语气：常用反身代词短语：Devote onesel