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1、2018年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Becausehumans have an inherent need
2、 to _L uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The newresearch reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear theanswer will 3.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago a
3、nd the Wisconsin School ofBusiness tested Students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one5,each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock w
4、hen clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified,another twenty-seven were told only that some wereelectrified.left alone in the room.The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pensand incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subs
5、equent experiments reproduced,this effectwith other stimuli _9_ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans.Much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter,saysChristopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is
6、 often considered a good instinctit can 12 NewScientific advances,for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire,the insight that curiosity can drive you to do14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15,however,in a final experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16how the
7、y would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image.These resultssuggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help detennine j_9 it is worththe endeavor.Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible nega
8、tive effects of curiosity.Hsee says,“in other words,dont read online comments”.1.A protectB|resolve2.ArefuseBwait3.A hurtBlast4.AalertB tie5.A message|B|review6.AremoveB weaken7.A WhenBIf8.A continueB happen9.A rather thanB|regardless of10.A discoverB forgive11.ApayB marriage12.A lead toBrest on13.A
9、 withdrawalB|persistence14.A self-reliantB self-deceptive15.A defineB|resist16.A overlookB predict17.A rememberB|promise18.AreliefB plan19.A whyB|whether20.A consequencesBinvestmentsC discussD ignoreC regretD seek|C misleadD riseC treatD exposeC trialDconceptC interruptD deliverC ThoughD UnlessC dis
10、appearDchangeC such asDowing toC forgetD disagreeC schoolingD foodC learn fromD begin withC inquiryDdiligenceC self-evidentDself-destructiveC replaceD|traceC designD concealC chooseD pretendC dutyD outcome|C whereD howC strategiesD limitationsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the
11、 following Four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a betterfuture.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pionee
12、ring.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning isnot something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become accepted wisdomthat students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a brokenbike ch
13、ain?As Koziatek know,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students toleaiTi geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry byassembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudic
14、e.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.School in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype.that its for kids who cant make it academically,he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution.Manufacturing is not the economicengine th
15、at it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largelyevaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything less-misses animpor
16、tant point:Thats not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelors degree opens more doors.But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skillmanufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a t
17、ime when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that theopportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap inworking-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them.Koziatek
18、9s ManchesterSchool of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nationsdiversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of.Apractical ability B academic trainingCpi
19、oneering spirit Dmechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.Ahave a stereotyped mind Bhave no career motivationC are not academically successful D are financially disadvantaged23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A used to ha
20、ve big financial concerns B used to have more job opportunitiesC are reluctant to work in manufacturing D|are entitled to more educational privileges24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.Ajhelps create a lot of middle-skill jobsBmay naiTOw the gap in working-class jobsC is expected to
21、yield a better-trained workforceD indicates the overvaluing of higher education25.The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as.A supportive B tolerantC disappointed D cautiousText 2While fossil fuels-coal,oil,gasstill generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply,it,s c
22、learer thanever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking upmomentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fun
23、d cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables,especially wind and solar.The cost of solarpanels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is alre
24、ady a principal energy source.In Scotland,for example,windturbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead,notablyChina and Europe,the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March,for the first time,wind and solar poweraccounted
25、for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US,reported the US Energy InformationAdministration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels-especially coal-as the path to economic growth.In a recent speechin Iowa,he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did
26、not play well with many inIowa,where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generationand where techgiants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question4 what happens when the wind doesnt blow or
27、 the sun doesnt shine?has provided a quickput-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowingaround the clock more likely.The advance is driven in pari by vehicle manufacturers,who are placing big bets on battery-powered electricvehicl
28、es.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidlyin coming years.While theres a long way to go,the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sourcesappears to be speeding up-perhaps just in time to have a mean
29、ingful effect in slowing climate change.WhatWashington does-or doesnt do-to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift inthought.26.The word plummeting(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.Astabilizing BchangingCfalling Drising27.According to Paragraph 3,the use
30、of renewable energy in America.Ais progressing notably Bis as extensive as in EuropeCfaces many challenges Dhas proved to be impractical28.lt can be learned that in Iowa,.Awind is a widely used energy sourceBwind energy has replaced fossil fuelsCJtech giants are investing in clean energyDthere is a
31、shortage of clean energy supply29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?AIts application has boosted battery storage.B|It is commonly used in car manufacturing.CIts continuous supply is becoming a reality.D|Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30
32、.lt can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.Awill bring the US closer to other countriesBwill accelerate global environmental changeCis not really encouraged by the US governmentDis not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the
33、digital economy is astonishingAmazon has just announced thepurchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid even more than thatto acquire the WhatsApp messaging service,which doesnt have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offeredFacebook was an int
34、ricate and finely detailed web of its users5 friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities,but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages,theknowl
35、edge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist,whatparty whip,would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies arecurrently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460
36、 shops it owns,but therecords of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressedand re
37、medied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeperconceptual problem,too.Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers andthis is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them.The users
38、 of their services are not theircustomers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google,the two virtualgiants,dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data,and we,the users,convert o
39、ur lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us forthe data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps thespammers out of o
40、ur inboxes.It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship,even if both sides benefit.31.According to Paragraph 1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A|digital productsCphysical assets32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.Aworsen political disputes(Cpose a risk to Facebook users3
41、3.According to the author,competition law.Ashould serve the new market powersBmay worsen the economic imbalanceCshould not provide just one legal solutionDcannot keep pace with the changing marketBuser informationDquality serviceBmess up customer recordsDmislead the European commission34.Competition
42、 law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.Athey are not defined as customers Bthey are not financially reliableCthe services are generally digital Dthe services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.Aa win-win business model between digita
43、l giantsBa typical competition pattern among digital giantsCthe benefits provided for digital giants customersDthe relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work:Rules for FocusedSuccess in a Distracted W
44、orld,recommends building a habit of“deep workthe ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specifictask;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic“approach to seizing moments of deep work when
45、you canthroughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling“to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“Atany given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once
46、on the calendar I protect thistime like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your dayin particular howwe craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform O
47、ur Lives,points to astudy in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals andstudy activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans woul
48、d be most effective when it came to theexecution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitabledistractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap thebest results.In order to ma
49、ke the most of our focus and energy,we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy”Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to thebody.idlenessis,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,he argues.Srini Pilla
50、y,an assistanl professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive linkbetween downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between beingfocused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people dont realise