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1、一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事，相当于a kind of,表泛指A plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指，以后提到的就要用定冠词A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3用在表示数量或时间等名词，表 示“每一”相当于every,oneW e study eight hours a day.4表示 相同 相当于the same be of a(an)+名词”W e are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类
2、似性质的人或事，表示不确定性。Hello,could 1 speak to Mr.Smith?Sorry,wrong number.There isnt_ Mr.Smith here.A.不填 B.a C.the D.oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.(活雷锋)6用于固定词组中a couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time7用于 quite,rather,many,half,what,such 之后This room is rather a big one.8so(as,
3、too,how)+形容词+a(an)+nounShe is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success（抽象名词）f a success（具体化）成功的人或事a failure失败的人或事 a sh a m e带来耻辱的人或事a p it y可惜或遗憾的事 a m ust必需必备的事a good knowledge o f精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法1特指，表示某一类人或物In many places in China,_bicycle is still_ popular means oftransp
4、ortation.A.a;the B./;a C.the;n D.the;the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事W ould you mind opening the door?4用于演奏乐器play the violin,play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表 示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法 5）一Could you tell me the way to_Johnsons
5、,please?Sorry,we dont have_Johnson here in the village.A.the;the B.the;a C./;the D.the;/7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the
6、199（Ts（二十世纪九十年代）11用于表示度量单位的名词前1 hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder.III.不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制1 want this book,not that one./W hose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,
7、Sunday,N ational Day,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 by连用表示交通方式的名词前W e went right round to the west coast by_sea instead of driving across_continent.A.the;the B.不填；the C.the;不填D.不填；不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,knife
8、 and fork,day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.II.名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表规 贝IJ例 词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,
9、glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复 数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,look
10、s（夕 卜 表），brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）7表 示“某国人”加-SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housew
11、ives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsIII.主谓一致规则情 况举 例语法致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.W hat he said is very important for us all.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词
12、多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what 1 bought were three English books.W hat 1 say and do is(are)helpful for you.由连接词and或 both and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或 morethan a(an)/one,many a(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either,neither,e
13、ach,every 或 no+单数名词和由some,any no,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.N o boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book.Is everyone heretoday?Somebody is speaking in cla
14、ss.Everything around us ismatter若 none o f后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。N one of the sugar was left.N one of us has(have)been to America.在定语从句里，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on theblackboard.He is one of my friends who a
15、re working hard.He is the（only）one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分致It is who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child.The cattle are eating grass in the field.H
16、is family has moved to the south.（他的家）His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班）Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由 a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a heap of/heaps of/therest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a l
17、ot of people in the classroom.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of+复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help thefarmer pick apples.The number of pages in this
18、 book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus.On the wall are manypictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑悬义致原则W hat,who,which,any,more,all 等代词可以是单数,也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。W hich is your bag?W hich are your bags?Are any of you good at Englis
19、h?Has any of you got apen?All can be done has been done.All is going well.All have been taken out.All have gone toBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every d
20、ay.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian N ights is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一些学科名词是以 ics结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们
21、作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于 1990年。1 dont think physics is easy to study.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors（剪刀）等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the）pair o f等量词修饰时（clothes被 a suit o f修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类
22、人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.就近施一致原则当两个主语由 either or,neither nor,not only butalso zwhether o r连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致，即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.N either he nor they are wholly right.N either they nor he is w
23、holly right.Is neither he nor they wholly right?there b e 句型中b e 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由a n d 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.Mr.Green,together with his wife and children,has cometo China.主语后面跟有 with,together with,exce
24、pt,but,like,aswell as,no less than,rather than,more than,besides,along with,including,in addition to 等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。A woman with a baby was on the bus.N obody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speakJapanese.
25、N o one except my teachers knows anything about it.II.不定代词用法注意点类 另IJ区 另u例 句one,some,any 和 itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones W eve been looking at the houses but havent found_we like yet.A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us some health problems-in fact far more serious_than mobile phones do.A.one B.one
26、s C.it D.thosesome可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等-Y our coffee smells great!-Its from Mexico.W ould you like_?A.it B.some C.this D.littlesome和 any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 1 have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.(2)W hich of the three ways shall 1 take to the v
27、illage?_way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同-种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。一There is still a copy of the book in the library.W ill you go andborrow _?一N o,Id rather buy _ in the bookstore.A it;one B.one;one C.one;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 Theres_ cooking oil in the hous
28、e.W ould you go to the cornerstore and get_.A.little,some B.little,any C.a little,some D.a little,any W e had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use forA.none B.either C.any D.each He doesnt have_furniture in his room-just an old desk.A.any B.many C.some D.mucheach 和everyeach强调个别，代表
29、的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each(of us)has a dictionary.=W e each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strongand weak points.none 和 nono 等于 not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 There is no wat
30、er in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?N one.N one of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.other 和anotherother泛 指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,everyotherweek,someother reason,noother way,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others Both sides have accused _of breaking the contract.A.ano
31、ther B.the other C.neither D.each Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.another 指 又 一 个，另一-b无所指，复数形式是。thers,泛 指“别的人或事”W e had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun,so lets have_one this month.A.the other B.some C.another D.other The trousers are too long,please giv
32、e me another pair/some others.(3)Some like football,while others like basketball.either 和neither前者意思为：两 者 都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都一Do you want tea or coffee?_,1 really dont mind.A.none B.neither C.either D.all It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which_of theparents spoke the language.A.
33、none B.neither C.both D.each四、形容词和副词I.形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1修饰 some,any,every,no 和 body,thing,one 等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent,everything possible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available,the only solution possible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等作定语时后置the only person awak
34、e4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置_to take his adventure course will certainly learnalot of useful skills.(N MET2000)A.Brave enough students B.Enough breavestudentsC.Students brav
35、v enough D.Students enoughbrave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词。This girl is Lindas cousin.（05 北京卷）A.pretty little Spanish B.Spanish little pretty C.Spanish pretty littl
36、e D.little pretty SpanishIII.形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成一 般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-e st,多音节和些双音节词前加more和most。项 目例 句同级比较时常常用as.as以及not so（as）.as.She is as tall as her mother.1 am not as/so good a player as you are.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比 较 级（+thna）“的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。This picture is more beautiful than t
37、hat one.1 have never seen such a more interesting film(than this one).表示一方不及另一方口寸，用 less+原 级+than的结构表不This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方随另一方变 化 时 用the more.themore.”句型The harder you work,the more progress you will make用比较级来表达最高级的意思1 have never spent a more worrying day.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（
38、意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）倍数的表达表达法：A is three(four,etc.)times the size(height,length etc.)ofB.The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼大(高)三 倏表达法二：A is three(four,etc.)times as big(high,long,etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚？好色洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍
39、。表达法三：A is three(four,etc.)times bigger(higher,longer,etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.注意：1.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal；2.表 示“最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,ext
40、reme,perfect,superior,junior等。非谓语动词的语法功能七、非谓语动词所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语V-ing形式现在分词动名词不定式(to do)过去分词(done)注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分generally speaking 一般说来；frankly speaking 坦白地说；judging from/by.根据.来判断；considering./taking.into consideration 考虑到to tell you the truth 说实话；seeing.考虑到.；supposing 假设，如巢；providing
41、 如果；given 考虑到，鉴于；provided that 如果非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb.to do sth.或of sb.to do sth.在“to”前加not或 never进行式to have doneto have beendone完成式to be doing/完成进行式to have beendoing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或 sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式：sbs not doingsbs not havin
42、g done完成式having donehaving beendone现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not非谓语语法功能的比较做宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,
43、dislike,avoid,risk,resistfeel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,be tired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,bebusy,pay attention to,stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continu
44、e（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指-一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to d o停止手中所做的事，去做另一小二 事 stop doing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regre11o do（指动作尚未发生）re m e m b e r/fo rget/reg ret doing（指动作 已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doin
45、g（试试去做，看有何结臬）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing（意思是，意味着）cant help（to）do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done 被认为已经做了consider.to be 认为是consider doing考虑做某事非谓语动宙做宾语补足语的区别分 类常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例 句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encouragehave,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make主谓关系，
46、强调动作将发生或已经完成1 asked to be sent to the countryside.1 heard him call me several times.现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成1 found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态W e found the village greatly changed.IV.非谓语动 词做定语的区别分 类区 另例 句不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同
47、时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生1 have a lot of papers to type.1 have a lot of papers to be typed.1 havent decided which hotel to stay at.（介词 at 不能丢）动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water/the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed country过
48、去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语 the falling leaves/the fallen leaves动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥，the bridge being built I三在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥八、情态动词I.情态动词基本用法情态动词用 法否定式疑问式简答式can能 力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可 能 性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not/cannot/cant doCan.do.?Yes,.can.N o,cant.couldcou
49、ldnt domay可 以（问句中表示请求）可能，或 许（表推测）祝 愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay.do.?Yes,.may.N o,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMight.do.?Yes,.mightN o,.might not.must必须，应 该（表主观要求）肯定，想 必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMust.do.?to.Yes,.must.N o,neednt/dont havehave to只好，不 得 不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）dont have to doDo.have to do.?Yes,.do
50、.N o,.dont.oughtto应 当（表示义务责任，口语中多国should）ought notto/oughtnt to doOught.to do.?Yes,.ought.N o,.oughtnt.shall用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShall.do.?Yes,.shall.N o,.shant.should应当，应 该（表义务责任）本 该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldntdoShould.do.?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont doW i