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1、大学英语复习资料归纳L词汇短语(D形近词辨析1.aggressive a.好斗的,敢做敢为的progressive a.前进的,(税收)累进的,进步的2.altitudes(尤指海拔)高度attitude n.姿势,态度gratitude n.感谢multitude n.多 数,群 众(the multitude)3.assert v.断言,声称asset n.财产;资产4.blank a.空白的,空着的,失色的,没有表情的blink v.眨眼brink n.(峭岸、崖的)边缘5.bloom n.花,旺盛,青春 v.(使)开花,(使)繁盛broom n.扫帚gloom n.阴暗,阴沉loom
2、n.织布机,织 机 V.隐现,迫近6.boast n.自夸,值得夸耀的事物 v.自夸,以有而自豪boost v.推进roast v.烤,烘,烘烤7.brief a.简短的,短 暂 的 n.摘要,大纲grief n.悲痛,伤心事,不幸,忧伤8.cease v.停止,终了ease n.安逸,安心,不费力,悠 闲 v t.使悠闲,使安心,减轻,放 松 v i.减弱,减轻,放松,灵活地移动lease n.租借,租约,租赁物,租期,延 续 的 一 段 时 间 v t.出租,租出,租得release n.&v t.释放,解放,放弃teasen.揶揄,戏弄,逗惹 v t.取笑,逗恼9.clash v.冲突,
3、撞击声,抵触crash v.碰撞,坠落,坠毁crush v t.压碎,碾碎,压服plementn.补足物;语法 补语;数 余 角 v t.补助,补足compliment n.&v t.称赞,恭维implement v t.贯彻,实现11.domain name:域名 domain:领土,领地 World Wide W eb:万维网12.expand:v.扩张,发展 expand operations 扩展业务【单词变形】expansive(a.广阔的,易扩张的)expansion(n.扩充,开展,膨胀)213.initial:a.最初的;n.词首大写字母initial price最初成本【单词
4、变形】initiative(n.主动性,首创精神a.自发的,创始的)takethe initiative 带头,主动14.consent vi.(to)同意,赞成contend v.(against,for,with)斗争,竞争content n.内容,容量,目录,满 足 a.满足的,满意的,愿 意 的 v t.使满足15.denote v t.指示,表示donate v.捐赠,赠予devote v t.投入于,献身16.explicit a.明确的;清楚的implicit a.暗含的;含蓄的17.incur v t.招致;惹起occur v i.发生,出现;(与to连用)想起,想到18.ma
5、ss n.块,大多数;(the mass)群众,民众m ess n.混乱,脏 乱 v.弄乱19.staff n.全体职员;全体工作人员v t.提供人员;安置职员stuff n.原料,材料,素材,资料 v t.塞满,填满,填充20.statue n.雕像,塑像status n.身份,地位,情形,状况321.virtual a.实际上的;事实上的virtue n.德行,美德22.principala.主要的,首 要 的 n.负责人,首长,校长principle n.法则,原则,原理23.moral a.道 德(上)的,精神的mortal a.致命的24 detection n.察觉,发觉prote
6、ction n.保护25.device n.装置,设计,设备devise v t.设计,发明,图谋revise v t.修订,校订26.disguise v.假装,伪装disgustv i.令人厌恶,令人反感v t.使作呕27.exterior a.外部的,外在的,表面的inferior a.下等的,下级的interior a.内部的,内的superior a.较高的,上级的28.course n.过程,经过;课程;一道菜cause n.原因,动机,理 由 v t.引起,使发生27.flesh n.肉,(供食用的)兽肉,肉体,v t.以肉喂(猎犬等),使肥,赋以血肉v i.长胖fresh a.
7、新鲜的,无经验的,生 的,adv.最新地,刚刚n.开4始,泛滥flash n.闪光,闪现,一瞬间v i.闪光,闪现,反射,使迅速传遍v t.使闪光,反 射a.闪光的,火速的28.gasp v i.喘 息,气 喘v t.气吁吁地说grasp v t.抓住,抓紧,掌握,领 会n.抓住,抓紧,掌握,领会29.cling vi.(clu n g)粘紧,附着;坚持(常与to连用)flingvt.(flu n g)(用力)扔,掷,扑30.worship n.崇拜,礼拜,尊 敬v i.敬神,拜 神v t.崇拜,尊敬workshop n.车间,工场warship n.军舰,战船40.change n.改变,变
8、化,转变,找回的零钱v t.改变,变革,改造,兑换charge n.负荷,电荷,费用,主管,掌 管v.装满,控诉,收费41.pro-=for,before,forth,forwardproceed v i.进行,继续下去 pro-+ceed(to go)=往前】produce v t.提出,出示,生产,制 造 pro-+duce(to lead)=向前引出】profess v.表 示 pro-+fess(to acknowledge):公开承认】progress v i.前进,进步,进行 pro-+gress(to walk)=向前进】5project n.计划,方 案 v.设计,计 划【pr
9、o-+ject(tothrow)=向前投掷】propose v t.计 戈i j,建议 pro-+pose(to put)=置于前方】42.pre-=beforeprecaution n.预防,警惕,防范【pre-+caution(小心)=事前的准备】precede v.领先(于),在.之前,先于【pre-+cede(to go)=走在前头】predict v.预知,预言,预 报【pre-+dict(to say)=事先说】prefer v t.更喜欢,宁 愿【pre-+fer(to carry)=搬到前面】pretend vt.假装,装扮 pre-+tend(to stretch,to sp
10、read)=展开于面前的】present a.现在的,出席的【pre-+sent(being)=在眼前】43.per-=through,thoroughly,awayperceive v t.察 觉【per-+ceive(to take)=通过感觉去接受】perfect a.完美的,全然的【per-+fect(to make)=做得很好】perform v t.履行,技l行,表演,演出【per-+form(to provide,to furnish)=完全供给】permeate v t.弥漫,渗透,透过,充满perfume n.香味,芳香,香 水【per-+fume(to smoke)=像烟一
11、样地飘】44.trans-=beyone,across,over6transaction n.交易,事 务【trans-+action(drive)=不断推进事物】transfer v t.转 移,调 转,调 任【trans-+fer(to carry)=越过.搬 运】transit v t.横 越,通 过,经 过【trans-+it(to go)=走到对岸】translate v t.翻 译,解 释,转 化【translate(to carry)=被搬到外面去】transcend v t.超 越,胜 过【trans-+scend(to climb)=超越.攀 登】45.dis-=apart,
12、awaydisadvantage n.不 利,不利条件discard v t.丢弃,抛 弃【dis-+card(paper)=掷出无用的纸牌】discern v.目睹,认 识,洞 悉【dis-+cern(to separate)=一个一个分开】disapprove v.不赞成discourage v t.使气馁,阻 碍【dis-+courage=剥夺勇气】display v t.陈列,展 览,显 示【dis-+play(to fold)=将重叠的东西伸展开来使能看到】46.de-=apart,fromdefer v i.推 迟,延 期 de-+fer(to carry)=回至I 离开的地方】d
13、efrost v t.除霜,使(冰 的 食 物)融 化 de-+frost(霜)=分开 霜】7detach v t.分开,分 离 de-+tach(to stake拴)=拴的相反】47.sum:n.总数,总和 paid an enormous sum 支付了一大笔款项【单词变形】sum(n.总数,总 和)summary(n.摘要,概要)summarize(v.概述,总结)48.march:n.&v.行军,前进 Science is on the m arch.科学正在发展中。49.snap:v.拍照;猛地吸住,突然折断The rope snapped.绳子突然断了50.re-=again,ba
14、ckrecall v t.回忆,回想,记 起【re-+call=唤回】recede v.后 退【re-+cede(to go)=往后退】reclaim v t.要求归还,收回【re-+claim(to cry out)=反复叫喊】reduce v t.减 少,缩 小【re-+duce(to lead)=引导回归】refer v.提交,谈及,查 阅【re-+fer(to bear,to carry)=运回】refresh v.(使)精神振作,(使)精力恢复,更 新【re-+fresh=使再度凉爽】regress v.复原,逆行,使倒退【re-+gress(to walk)=向后行走】remedy
15、 v t.治 疗,补 救 re-+medy(to heal)=重新冶疗】resist v t.抵抗,反 抗【re-+sist(stand)=站在.对面】851.ex-=out of,fullyexhaust v t.用尽,耗尽,抽完,使筋疲力尽ex-+haust(todraw)=抽出】exhibit v t展出,陈列【ex-+hibit(to have)=用手捧出来】expire v.期满,终止,呼气,断气【ex-+pire(t。breathe)E气inspire鼓 舞(吸 气)explicit a.外在的,清楚的,直率的【ex-+plicit(folded)=向 夕 卜折叠f表现在外面,im
16、plicit暗含的】,con=together,with,whollycoexist v i.共 存【co-+exist=共同存在】concord n.和谐,一致,和 睦【con-+cord(heart)=同心】confront v t.使面临,对 抗【con-+front(forehead)=lli对面】correctvt.改正,纠 正a.正确的,恰当的【cor-+rect(right)=使完全正确】53.over-=above,across,beyondoveract v.夸张表演overburden v t.装载过多,负担过多overcome v t.战胜,克服,胜过overcrowd
17、v t.容纳过多的人,使过度拥挤overlap v.重叠overturn v t.推翻,颠倒overwhelm v t.淹没,覆没,受打击,制服,压倒954.im-/in-=in,into,onincline v t.使倾向于,使倾斜【in-+cline(to lean)=向.靠过去】include v t,包括,包含【in-+clued(to shut)=关在里面 exclude除外】income n.收入,收益【in-+come=进来的东西】infect vt.医 传染,感染in-+fect(to make;to put)=to put in进入病菌】inflate v t.使膨胀,使得意
18、,使(通货)膨胀,使充气in-+flate(to blow)=吹进去f使膨胀】inhibit v t.(常与 from 连用)阻止,抑制【in-+hibit(t。have)=持着一压制】insight n.洞察力,jAliR in-+sight=the power of seeing into insert v t.插入,嵌 入【in-+sert(t。join)=加在里面】implant v.灌 输【im-+plant=种入脑海中】imprison vt.监禁,关押 im-+prison=to put in prison55.sub-=undersubject v t.使屈从于.,使隶属【su
19、b-+ject(to throw)=往下投掷】succeed v.继.之后,继任,继 承【suc-(=sub-)+ceed4R随走下去】suppress v t.镇压,抑 制【sup-(=sub-)+pressg左 下压】10suspect v.怀疑,猜 想【sus-(=sub-)+pect=看下面】【单词变形】acknowledgement(n.承 认)。经常放在一起考的几个单词:acquaint:v 了解,认识;associate:联合,结交;enlighten:v 启发,开导56.multimedia:multi-的前缀有 many 和 much 之意,multi-(many)+medi
20、a=;multi-(many)+ply(t。fold)=增加,乘(许多东西重叠在一起);multitude:多数,群众,民众。57.guarantee:vt.&noun.保证,担保。guarantee(that)guarantee to do sth.Many shopkeepers guarantee satisfaction tocustomers.许多店主对顾客保证满意58.sist=to stand(站立)assist v.出席,援助,帮助【as-(=ad-=to)+sist=站在一旁】consist v i.由.组成,在于,一致【con-(=togetherj+sist=站在一起】p
21、ersist v i.坚持,持 续【per-(=through)+sist=始终屹立】insist v.坚持,强调【in-(=on)+sist=站在.之上不动】resist v t.抵抗,反 抗【re-(=back,against)+sist=站在反方向】59.sume=to take(拿取)assume v t.假定,设想,采取,呈 现【25-(21-=1:。)+5111716=拿取衣服、外表、他人物品、想法。名词assumption】consume v t.消耗,消 费【con-(=wholly)+sume=完全用尽。名词 consumption11resume v t.再继续,重新开始;
22、n.履历re-(=again)+sume=重新】presume v t.假定,彳段设【pre-(before)+sume=比 另 ij人先拿】60.sur=sure(确定的),secure(安全的)assure v t.断然地说,确告,保证,担保【as-(=ad-=to)+sure=朝向安全】ensure v t.保证,担保,使安全【en-(to cause to be)+sure=使确定,确保,保护,保证】insure v t.给.保 险【in-(into)+sure=使进入安全状态】61.cess,ceedz cede=to go(去),to yield(让步)access n.通路,访问
23、 v t.存取,接 近 accessprocess n.过程,作用,方 法 v t.加工,处理 pro-(=forward)+cess=向前 走】excess a.过度的,额外的【ex-(=out)+cess=走出去了】recess v.暂 停【re-(=back,against)+cess=退居】62.form=to form(形成)inform v.(of/about)通知,告诉,获悉,告知【in-(=into)+form=在里面造成】reform n.改革,改 善 v t.改革,革新,重新组成 re-(=again)+form=再造形transform v.转换,改变,改 造【trans
24、-(=across)+form=移转形状】12perform v t.履行,执行,表 演【per-(through)+form=完全的造形】63.ject=to throw(投,掷)eject v t.逐出,撵 出 e-(=out)+ject=向 夕 卜 投】inject v t.注射,注 入【in-(=on)+ject=投掷进来】object v.反对,拒绝【ob-(=before)+ject=被掷于眼前的东西】project n.计划,方 案 v.设计,计划,投射,放映 pro-(=forward)+ject=投掷到前方reject v t.拒绝,抵制,否 决【re-(=back)+jec
25、t=投掷回去】64.spect=to see,to look(看见)inspect v t.检查,视 察【in-(=on)+spect=窥视内部】respect v t.尊敬,尊 重【re-(=against)+spect=一再注视】prospect n.景色,前景,前途,期望;v i.寻找,勘探【pro-(=forward)+spect=看前方suspect v.怀疑,猜想【sus-(=-sub=underj+spect=猜疑外表之下的东西】expect v t.期待,预 期【ex-(=out)+pect=等待着向外看出去】64.tain=to hold,to keep(保持)contain
26、 v t.包含,容纳,容忍【con-(=with)+tain=保护】maintain v t.维持,维 修 main-(=manus=hand)+tain=保有于手掌中】retain v t.保持,保 留【re-(=back)+tain=保留在后方】13sustain v t.支撑,撑住,维持,持 续【sus-(=up)+tain=拿起,举起】65.impact:n.碰撞,冲击,冲突,影响,效果【固定搭配】impact on对.产生影响。a speech that lackedimpact毫无影响力的演说pile:v.编辑,汇编 com-(together)+pile(heap)汇集在一起。T
27、hey are compiling a dictionary of new words.他彳门正在编写一部新词的词典。67.update:verb.校正,更新,up-(aloft)+date=update【单词变形】updated(a.最新的);The immigrationinformation booklet is updated yearly.移民信息的小册子每年都会更新。68.miss,mit=to send(送),to throw(投;掷)admit v.容许,承认,接 纳【ad-(=to)+mit=送入,移入。名词 admissioncommit v t.犯(错 误),干(坏 事)
28、,把.交托给,提交,答应负责【com-(=to)+mit=传送f委托。名词commissionemit v t.发出,放射【e-(=ex-=out)+mit=送出。名词 emission】permit v.许可,允许,准 许【per-(=through)+mit=通过每一14关。名词 permissiontransmit v t.传输,转送,传达【trans-(across)+mit=送到对面。名词 transmissionsubmit v t.提 交,递 交【sub-(under)+mit=在下面传递】69.pose=to place,to put(置;放)posev.(使.)摆好姿势,形成
29、,引起,造成;n.姿 势【放置的状态】compose v,组成,写作,排 字【com-(=togetherj+pose=放在一起】expose v t.使暴露,受到,使曝光【ex-(=out)+pose=置于外部】imposev i.使 影响(常。n,upon与连用)课税;加税im-(=on)+pose=置于.之上dispose v.处理,处 置【dis-(apart)+pose=j别分开放置】70.serve=to serve(服务),to ke即(保持)conserve vt.保 存,保 藏【con-(=together)+serve=共同保有】deserve v t.应受,值 得【|0-
30、(1:1|1 丫)+5620=值得完全用尽】preserve v t.保护,保持,保 存【pre-(before)+serve=事先保留】reserve v t.储备,保存,保留,预 定【re-(back)+serve=隐秘保留】71.rupt=to break(打破)15rupture v.破裂,裂开abrupt a.突然的,陡峭的,生硬的 ab-(=ad-=off)+rupt=然破裂】bankrupt a.破产了的【bank+rupt银行倒闭】disrupt v.使中断,使分裂【dis-(=apart)+rupt=破裂分散】erupt v t.喷 出【e-(=ex-=out)+rupt=破
31、壳而出】interrupt v t.打断(正在说话或动作的人),中断【inter+rupt=割入其间的】72.press=to press(压)compress v t.压缩,浓缩【com-(=togetherj+press=压在一起】depress v t.使沮丧,使消沉【de-(=down)+press=压在下方】impress v t.印,盖印,留下印象【im-(=in-=on)+press=押附在心上】oppress vt.压迫,压抑【op-(=ob-=again)+press=对.施 力 口压力】expressv t.表达,表 示 n.快车,快递 ex-(=out)+press=挤压
32、出来】suppress v t.镇压,抑制,查 禁【sup-(=sub-=under)+press=压在下方】73.fine=to end(结束)infinite a.无穷的,无限的【in-(not)+finite=没有结束】confine v t.限制,禁闭【con-(=togetherj+fine=共有的界限】16define v t.定义,详细说明【de-(down)+fine=定下界限】refine v t.精 炼,精 制【re-(back,against)+fine=使再度完成】74.volve=to roll(滚;卷)invoke vt.(常与in连用)包括;牵涉,拖累【in-(=
33、into)+vcdve=卷入其中】evolve v.(使)发 展,(使)进 展【e-(=ex-=out)+volve=向外回转】revoke v.(使)旋转,考虑【re-(back,against)+volve=使改变想法】75.viewinterview v t.接见,会见【inter-(=between)+view=彼此见面】preview v t.事先查看,预展,预演【pre-(before)+view=提前看】review v t.回顾,复 习【re-(back)+view=重新看】76.spark:v t.发动,鼓舞 n.火花,闪光 The incident sparkeda con
34、troversy.这一事件引发了一场争端。77.controversial:a.引起争论的,有争议的 a controversialmovie 一场有争议的电影【单词变形】controversy(n.争论)78.display:vt.&n.陈列,展览,显示 On New Year,s Eve thedisplay of fireworks offers many attractions.除夕之夜的焰火很吸引人。17(2)写作中词汇的替换A.动词的替换1.I mprove 提高:Promote:促进 AC 之间的贸易 promote the trade between A and C;Hewas
35、 promoted to senior manager in this company.Advance:our understanding of human genetics has considerably俳常的,可换做 vastly)advanced.Enhance:the publicity has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望Reinforce:reinforce the interference of the autority and its ability ofmacroeconomic control加强政府的干预和宏观调控能力2.cha
36、nge 改变:Transform:多指改头换面,完全改变,不能用于形容slight change。说至 U 人口变化:the increasing population has transformed the landscapeand structure of local industry structure.人口居l 增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构3.Emphasize 强调:18Highlight:the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作 local)plants and insects.highli
37、ght/emphase the significance/magnitude of 强调的重要性Stress:He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children.Accentuate:the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor.Address:address the ponderance of manipulating the inosculationbetween-and-in the right perspective 强调正确处理关系的重要性(highlig
38、ht and emphasize的区别:highlight是告诉人们重点,因而能够让别人注意,类似于老师勾重点;而 emphasize则是使重点清晰,不管别人是否能注意得到。而 stress则和emphasize差不多)4.Develop 培养:Cultivate:cultivate the ability of;培养T 青操;cultivate a morerelaxed and positive way towards life.Nurture:养育,同样可以指培养人才(talents)the sea natures amplemarine animals.5.Break 破坏:Impai
39、r:impair ability;主要是破坏能力,莫乱用。Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏,有逐渐削弱之意,重 点 是 循 序 渐 进 的 过 程。Undermine one sability/confidence/authority/position/credibilityJeopardize:不能乱用,破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。19比如 Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程Devastate 特指毁灭、蹂蹒 the earthquake devastated the whole city.6.Keep保存Preserve
40、、Conserve保护资源用的就是这个词,不要用protect,protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。7.deal With 解决Tackle:tackle the problem.Resolve:resolve dispute 争论/conflict 冲突/problem/issue/crisis 危机;来自拉丁语,比较正式。8.need需要Require:xxx requires courage and confidence.Necessitate:用法不简单,没有摸透。call for(这也是个很高级的用法,奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的,原帖是这样说的,并且call for也
41、挺正式的】):跟 need一样的用法B.形容词的替换1.Everywhere 普遍的Widespread:随便用Prevalent:Drug abuse is especially prevalent among teenagers.20Overflow:泛滥 the garden is overflew with colors of flowers.Rampant:特指有害的东西泛滥,比如疾病,犯罪等,并且难于控制。Hlnl Virus is rampant in the world.甲流世界泛滥2.Good好的(太多了)impressive,glorious,amazing,brillia
42、nt,incredible,attractive-Beneficial(反义词:detrimental)the drug is beneficial to the immunesystem.be beneficial to fabricating conservation-minded and eco-friendlysociety有助于建设两型社会Advantageous:特指有益的。Advantageous industry:优势产业3.Harmful有害的Unfavorable,horrible,disgustinginhumane:没人性的lousy(IJ m fed up with
43、the lousy job.)severe(severe problem,illness,injuries.)abysmal(低谷:their performance is abysmal.)Detrimental:smoking is detrimental to your health.Baneful:现阶段用不到,文学作品里面的“邪恶”,完全诘屈瞥牙。4.Rich富有的Wealthy Affluent、ampleThere are a myriad of stars in the Milky Way.(银河系好多星星啊!!)5.Poor贫穷的21impoverished(动词表示使贫穷:
44、The great depression hadimpoverished many third world countries.)an impoverished student.7.Serious 严重的 Severe8.Obvious明显的Manifest:a manifest error judge 明显判断失误;Adv.Manifestly.e.g.amanifestly unfair system.Apparent、EvidentPatent:patent impossibilities,显然不可能的事。9.cheap便宜的Economical:经济的,不浪费,而不是单纯指某物便宜。经
45、济适用房:economically affordable housingoinexpensive=cheapReasonable:价格合理的。Reasonable priceAffordable:能够支付的C.名词的替换1.Forefather 祖先Ancestor Predecessor2.Difference 不同Gap(简单但是牛)沟,generation gap-very common use in CET-4/622Distinction:sharp/clear distinction between allergy and food intolerance(TBBT 里面的 How
46、ard 就有 lactose intolerance,一吃 peanuts 就会肿,长尊麻疹rash哈哈。)再想牛就用schismo比如“填平两个分支学科之间的分歧 heal theschism between clinical medicine and public health.(有本书就口U这个。)3.Crime 犯罪Delinquency:一般crime都用不到。指道德败坏,违法行为,4.Environment 环境Circumstance:under the circumstances.相当抽象的词,情况”。Surrounding:表示周围居住的环境,相当具体。Nearby可与之互换
47、。The surrounding area.有细心的同学指出如果surrounding单独用作“环境”的话,后面必须要加复数一一surroundings,我查了字典后发现的确是这样,而不加复数则只能归到形容词。Atmosphere、Ambience:这两个词可替换,但是当atmosphere表示大气层的意思的时候则不能。5.Pollution 污染Contamination contaminated water一特指被污染的水6.Human 人类Individual/men/ones/以及一切表示工人,农民公务员等等的词The human race Humankind Humanity:特别指
48、出,用来表示人性。其他一概不要用。虽然也有人之类的意思。7.Danger 危险23Hazard:化学、物理危害;隐患:polluted water is a hazard to wild lifeand nature;safety/nature hazard.8.in modern society 在当今社会in contemporary societyin present-day societyin this day and age(这是最牛的说法)D.其他1)大多数人 most people the majority of the population 2)经常 oftenf freque
49、ntly 3)我相信 I believe from my standpoint,from my perspective 4)必须 m ustf it is a must for us to-5)知道 knowf be aware of 6)因为 because-in that 7)最后at lastf eventually 8)然而 but however 9)如果 i f f providedthat 1 0)各行各业的人 all kinds of peoplef people from all walks oflife 1 1)引 起,导致 lead to-contribute to 1
50、2)人 people-individuals 1 3)好的 good-*desirable,beneficial 1 4)怀的 badfundesirable 1 5)彳 艮 多 many numerous 1 6)越来越 more and moref a(n)increasing/mounting number of 1 7)彳 艮 veryf extremely1 8)方面 sidef aspects 1 9)表明 showf demonstrate,indicate20)利用 useutilize 21)因此/结果 so-therefore 22)部分 partproportion 23