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1、1990年 1月大学英语六级Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofproductive machinery.It reduces the human factors,mental and physical,in production,and isdesigned to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers.The developmentof automation in Ame
2、rican industry has been called the“Second Industrial Revolution”.Labours concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment,and fears of major changes in jobs.In the main,labour has taken the view that resistance totechnical change is unfruitful.Eventually,the result of
3、automation may well be an increase inemployment,since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing,maintaining,and repairing automation equipment.The interest of labour lies in bringing about thetransition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved.
4、Also,unionspokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possibleby automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages,more leisure,andimproved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation,unions have adopt
5、ed anumber of new policies.One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefitplans.It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financialinterest in preventing unemployment,he will have a strong drive for planning new installations soas to cause the
6、least possible problems in jobs and job assignment.Some unions are working fordismissal pay agreements,requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of moneybased on length of service.Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor”,which callsfor wage increases based on increase
7、s in productivity.It is possible,however,that labour will relymainly on reduction in working time.21.Though labour worries about the effect of automation,it does not doubt that.A)automation will eventually prevent unemploymentB)automation will help workers acquire new skillsC)automation will eventua
8、lly benefit the workers no less that the employersD)automation is a trend which cannot be stopped22.The idea of the Improvement factor(Line 6,Para.3)probably implies that.A)wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB)the benefit of increased production and lower costs should be shared by
9、 workersC)supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promotedD)the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenienceand distress to workers23.In order to get the full benefits of automation,labour will depend mostly on.A)additional payment to the permanently
10、dismissed workersB)the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivityC)shorter working hours and more leisure timeD)a strong drive for planning new installations24.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A)Advantages and disadvantages of automation.B)Labour and the effect
11、s of automation.C)Unemployment benefit plans and automation.D)Social benefits of automation.The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation.All highschool graduates ought to go,says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence,because collegewill help them earn mor
12、e money,become“better people,and learn to be more responsiblecitizens than those who dont go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone.And now that close to halfour high school graduates are attending,those who dont fit the pattern are becoming morenumerous,and more obvious.Coll
13、ege graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis;collegestudents interfere with each others experiments and write false letters of recommendation in theintense competition for admission to graduate school.Others find no stimulation in their studies,and drop out-often encouraged by college administr
14、ators.Some observers say the fault!Is with the young people themselves-they are spoiled and theyare expecting too much.But thats a condemnation of the students as a whole,and doesnt explainall campus unhappiness.Others blame the state of the world,and they are partly right.Weve beentold that young p
15、eople have to go to college because our economy cant absorb an army ofuntrained eighteen-year-olds.But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorban army of trained twenty-two-year-olds,either.Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest thatcoll
16、ege may not be the best,the proper,the only place for every young person after the completionof high school.We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down,it seems,and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences.Perhaps college doesntmake people intellig
17、ent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learning people are merely the ones whohave been attracted to college in the first place.And perhaps all those successful college graduateswould have been successful whether they had gone to college or not.This is heresy(异端邪说)tothose of us who have been brought up t
18、o believe that if a little schooling is good,more has to bemuch better.But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.25.According to the passage,the author believes that.A)people used to question the value of college educationB)people used to have full confidence in higher educationC)all high schoo
19、l graduates went to collegeD)very few high school graduates chose to go to college26.In the 2nd paragraph,those who dont fit the pattem refers to.A)high school graduates who arent suitable for college educationB)college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxisC)college students who arent an
20、y better for their higher educationD)high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college27.The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up b e c a u s e.A)young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at collegeB)many young people are required to join the armyC)youn
21、g people have little motivation in pursuing a higher educationD)young people dont like the intense competition for admission to graduate school28.According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact thatA)society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained colleg
22、e graduatesB)high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college educationC)too many students have to earn their own livingD)college administrators encourage students to drop out29.In this passage the author argues that.A)more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing f
23、or highschool graduatesB)college education is not enough if one wants to be successfulC)college education benefits only the intelligent,ambitious,and quick-learning peopleD)intelligent people may learn quicker if they dont go to college30.The“surveys and statistics mentioned in the last paragraph mi
24、ght have shown thatA)college-educated people are more successful than non-college-educated peopleB)college education was not the first choice of intelligent peopleC)the less schooling a person has the better it is for himD)most people have sweet memories of college lifeOurs has become a society of e
25、mployees.A hundred years or so ago only one out of everyfive Americans at work was employed,i.e.,worked for somebody else.Today only one out of fiveis not employed but working for himself.And when fifty years ago“being employed meantworking as a factory labourer or as a farmhand,the employee of toda
26、y is increasingly amiddle-class person with a substantial formal education,holding a professional or managementjob requiring intellectual and technical skills.Indeed,two things have characterized Americansociety during these fifty years:middle-class and upper-class employees have been thefastest-gro
27、wing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker,thatoldest child of the Industrial Revolution,has been losing in numerical importance despite theexpansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee.You can fi
28、nd agreat deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.You can also finda good deal of work in a chosen field,whether it be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping(簿i己).Every one of these trades requires different skills,sets different standards,and requires a differentprepa
29、ration.Yet they all have employee ship in common.And increasingly,especially in the largebusiness or in government,employeeship is more important to success than the specialprofessional knowledge or skill.Certainly more people fail because they do not know therequirements of being an employee than b
30、ecause they do not adequately possess the skills of theirtrade;the higher you climb the ladder,the more you get into administrative or executive work,thegreater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities orprofessional knowledge.31.It is implied that f
31、ifty years ago.A)eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB)twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC)the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that ofindustrial workersD)the percentage of intellectuals working as emplo
32、yees was not so large as that of industrialworkers32.According to the passage,with the development of modem i n d u s t r y,.A)factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB)there are as many middle-class employees as factory labourersC)employers have attached great importance to
33、factory labourersD)the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased33.The word“dubious”(L.2,Para.2)most probably means.A)valuableB)usefulC)doubtfulD)helpful34.According to the writer,professional knowledge or skill is.A)less importance than awareness of being a good
34、 employeeB)as important as the ability to deal with public relationsC)more important than employer-employee relationsD)more important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization35.From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one.A)to be more successful in his careerB)to b
35、e more specialized in his fieldC)to solve technical problemsD)to develop his professional skillWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleepalternation with some 16-17 hours5 wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normallycoincides with the hours of da
36、rkness.Our present concern is with how easily and to what extentthis cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one.The ease,for example,with which people can changefrom working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry whereautomation calls for round
37、-the-clock working of machines.It normally takes from five days to oneweek for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the dayand working at night.Unfortunately,it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed everyweek;a person may work from 12 midnigh
38、t to 8 a.m.one week,8 a.m.to 4 p.m.the next,and 4p.m.to 12 midnight the third and so on.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routinethan he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleepingvery efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand
39、 over the night shift to a number of permanentnight workers.An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers wascarried out by Brown in 1957.She found a high incidence(发生率)of disturbed sleep and otherdisorders among those on alternating day and night shifts,but no abnormal
40、 occurrence of thesephenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy,but meanwhile somethingmay be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people whocan adapt most quickly to the changes of routine.On
41、e way of knowing when a person has adaptedis by measuring his body temperature.People engaged in normal daytime work will have a hightemperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night;when they change to nightwork the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and t
42、he speed with which itdoes so parallels,broadly speaking,the adaptation of the body as a whole,particularly in terms ofperformance.Therefore,by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout theperiod of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine,an
43、d thiscould be used as a basis for selection.So far,however,such a form of selection does not seem tohave been applied in practice.36.Why is the question of“how easily people can get used to working at night not a mereacademic question?A)Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wake
44、fulness.B)Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C)Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D)Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.37.The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in.A)the inc
45、onveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automationB)the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentlyC)the fact that people working at night are often less effectiveD)the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night worker
46、s38.The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be.A)to change shifts at longer intervalsB)to have longer shiftsC)to arrange fbr some people to work on night shifts onlyD)to create better living conditions for night workers39.It is possible to find out if a person has adap
47、ted to the changes of routine by measuring hisbody temperature b e c a u s e.A)body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB)body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC)the temperature reverses when the routine is changedD)people have higher temper
48、atures when they are working efficiently40.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A)Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.B)The selection of a number of pennanent night shift workers has proved to be the bestsolution to problems of the round-the-clock working sy
49、stem.C)Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to thechanges of routine.D)Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.1990年 6 月大学英语六级One day in January 1913.G H.Hardy,a famous Cambridge University mathematicianreceived a lette
50、r from an Indian named Srinivasa Ramanujan asking him for his opinion of 120mathematical theorems(定理)that Ramanujan said he had discovered.To Hardy,many of thetheorems made no sense.Of the others,one or two were already well-known.Ramanujan must besome kind of trickplayer,Hardy decided,and put the l