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1、AS 232 REVIEWHow much Fuel reserve do you need when flying IFR?How much Fuel reserve do you need when flying IFR?Destination plus 45 minutesIf an alternate is required,then to destination,then to alternate,plus 45 minutes.When do we need an alternate under IFR?When do we need an alternate under IFR?
2、NO IAP at destination airport-Alternate is required regardless of WXWith IAP at destination:1-2-3 Rule1 Hour before to 1 Hour after ETA-If less than 2000 ft Ceiling OR 3 statute miles Visibility forecastDuring an IFR departure with low ceilings,when do we call departure control?During an IFR departu
3、re with low ceilings,when do we call departure control?When instructed to do so by the tower,If there is no tower,then when time permits once airborneWhen should mode C be turned on while on an IFR flight?When should mode C be turned on while on an IFR flight?At all times,unless required by ATCList
4、3 Restrictions ATC can put on your departure time?List 3 Restrictions ATC can put on your departure time?Release TimeHold for ReleaseClearance Void TimeWhat is always given when a CLEARANCE LIMIT is assigned?What is always given when a CLEARANCE LIMIT is assigned?EFC Time expect further clearance ti
5、meWhat is a Cruise Clearance?What is a Cruise Clearance?Can fly any altitude between assigned cruise and MEACleared for any published approach at destinationWhat is VFR ON Top?What is VFR ON Top?Allows a pilot to fly VFR at VFR altitudes while maintaining his IFR Clearance above the cloudsWhat is CL
6、IMB to VFR ON Top?What is CLIMB to VFR ON Top?Allows a pilot to depart IFR usually to a fix such as a VOR and upon reaching VFR conditions,to Cancel the IFR and continue the flight VFRWhat is VFR OVER the Top?What is VFR OVER the Top?Nothing to do with IFR,just a VFR pilot flying on top of IMC condi
7、tions.What altimeter setting should we be using if above 18,000 feet?What altimeter setting should we be using if above 18,000 feet?29.92 in North America for pressure altitudeList 2 types of Departure ProceduresList 2 types of Departure Procedures ODP SIDDeparture StandardsCriteriaU.S.Standard for
8、Terminal Instrument Procedures TERPs 200 ft/nm is minimum climb gradientIF obstacles penetrate a slope of 152 ft/nm,beginning no higher than 35 feet above the departure end,a minimum ceiling and/or climb gradient may be required.How can you tell if a triangle is a pulsory reporting point?How can you
9、 tell if a triangle is a pulsory reporting point?It is SolidWhat are the only 2 things guaranteed at the MEA?What are the only 2 things guaranteed at the MEA?Obstruction clearance 1000 feet in non-mountainous area-2000 feet if over mountainous terrainAcceptable navigation signal coverageDefine MRADe
10、fine MRA Minimum Reception AltitudeMinimum altitude that ensures navigational reception for off-airway NavaidDefine MOCADefine MOCA Minimum Obstruction Clearance AltitudePreceded by an asterisk,This altitude meets obstacle clearance requirements and only ensures navigational signal coverage within 2
11、2 nm of the facilityWhat is MCA?What is MCA?Minimum Crossing AltitudeA required altitude to change from a lower MEA to a higher MEA toward fast rising terrain or obstructions.MAA?MAA?Maximum Authorized Altitude guarantees you will only receive one navigational facility at a time below this altitude.
12、List 3 Changeover Points:List 3 Changeover Points:1.Changeover symbol2.Midpoint of airway 3.Where a Course Change occurs mileage breakpointList the Required Reports,Anytime IFR?REQUIRED REPORTS14CFR 91.183&91.187UNFORECAST WEATHERSAFETY OF FLIGHTALTITUDE&TIME OVER REQUESTED REPORTING POINTSFAILURE O
13、F NAVIGATION,APPROACH,OR MUNICATION EQUIPMENT IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE14CFR 91.187MALFUNCTION REPORTWHO YOU AREWHAT BROKEHOW IT IS AFFECTING YOUR IFR CAPABILITYWHAT HELP DO YOU NEED FROM ATC?SHOULD ALWAYS REPORT WITHOUT REQUEST AIM 5-3-3VACATING ASSIGNED ALTITUDEALTITUDE CHANGES WHEN VFR-ON-TOPCHANGE
14、IN TAS 5%OR 10 KTS WHICHEVER IS GREATERUNABLE TO CLIMB/DESCEND AT LEAST 500 FPMUPON REACHING/LEAVING HOLDING FIX OR CLEARANCE LIMITMISSED APPROACHAdditional“Non Radar reportsWhat reports are only required in a non-radar environment?POSITION REPORTS 91.183aINBOUND AT FAF OR OMETA ERROR GREATER THAN 3
15、 MINPOSITION REPORTAIM 5-3-2 dIDENTIFICATIONPOSITIONALTITUDETIMETYPE OF FLIGHT PLAN FOR FSSETA&NAME OF NEXT FIXNAME ONLY OF FOLLOWING FIXSUPPLEMENTARY INFO REMARKSHOLDING CLEARANCEDIRECTION TO HOLD FROM FIX 8 CARDINAL PASS POINTSHOLDING FIXCOURSE RADIAL,BEARING,AIRWAYDIRECTION OF TURNS IF LEFT TURNS
16、LEG LENGTH IF DME OR GPSEXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE TIMEList the 3 hold entry types:List the 3 hold entry types Teardrop Parallel DirectDirect Entry180 sector approaching fixFly to fix and turn in appropriate directionFirst turn is always in the direction of the holdTeardrop EntryTurn to heading 30 fro
17、m outbound heading Left Add/Right SubtractMaintain for 1 minuteParallel EntryFly parallel to inbound leg using outbound heading on non-holding side for 1 minuteRe-intercept course from holding sideThe 70 RulePTDStandard Holding70 degree sector on same side as direction of turns in holdLook for OUTBO
18、UND HEADING direction of holding in sectorWingtip reference point 90 degreesFor non-standard holding the Teardrop sector will be to the left and Parallel to the rightWhat is the max speed for holding?What is the max speed for holding?Up to 6000 MSL,200 KIAS6001 MSL to 14000 MSL,230 KIAS14001 MSL and
19、 above,265 KIASWhat direction is a standard hold?What direction is a standard hold?Right turns are standardList the four segments of an approach chart:List the four segments of an approach Initial Intermediate Final Missed approachWhat does the MSA shown on an approach chart guarantee?What does the
20、MSA shown on an approach chart guarantee?1000 feet of obstruction clearance within 25nm of the indicated facility.What is the TDZE?What is the TDZE?Touchdown Zone ElevationThe highest elevation in the first 3000 feet of runwayDefine HAT?Define HAT?Height Above TouchdownThe Height above the TDZE for
21、the runway specified in the approachUsed for straight-in minimumsDefine HAA?Define HAA?Height Above AirportHeight above the highest point on all usable runwaysUsed for circling minimumsWhat is a“Sidestep Maneuver?What is a“Sidestep Maneuver?When you are cleared for an approach to one runway,and then
22、 cleared to land on a parallel runway.List the 4 main parts to an approach plate:List the 4 main parts to an approach plate:Heading Plan View Profile View MinimumsWhat is a“Timed approach from a holding pattern?What is a“Timed approach from a holding fix?When the control tower clears you to leave a
23、fix at a specific time to shoot an approach and you will adjust your hold so as to leave the fix at that specified time.Procedure turn not authorized:“NORTHN:“NoPT on route segmentO:Otherwise directed by ATC cleared straight-inR:Radar vectors to final approach courseT:Timed approach from holding fix
24、H:Holding pattern or teardrop in lieu of PT What is the Maximum speed for Category“A approaches?What is the Maximum speed for Category“A approaches?Up to 90 knotsWhat is the speed range allowed for a Category“B approach?What is the speed range allowed for a Category“B approach?91 to 120 knotsWhat 3
25、criteria must be met in order to descend below MDA/DH?14CFR 91.175cno pilot may operate an aircraft below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DH unless Flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used and Aircraft
26、 is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers andRunway environment is in sightFLIGHT VISIBILITY14CFR 1.1Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance,from the cockpit of an air
27、craft in flight,at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.Name the 12 things you must see at DH/MDA to continue an approach:RUNWAY ENVIRONMENTat least one of the following visual references for the intende
28、d runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot:The runway or runway markings,runway lights.The threshold,threshold markings,threshold lights.The touchdown zone,markings,touchdown zone lights.The runway end identifier lights.The visual approach slope indicator.The approach light system,
29、except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEMSAIM 2-1-1&IFH 7-31ALSF-1 has red terminating ba
30、rsALSF-2 has 2 red side row barsMALSR,MALSF,SSALR,ODALS,etc.have no red barsMay descend to 100 feet above TDZE if any ALS in sightMust see one of the other visual references to continue below 100 feet if no red bars,otherwise MISSED APPROACH!SOURCES OF WX INFO IN-FLIGHT ATIS AWOS,ASOSFSSFLT WATCH 12
31、2.00EFASHIWASTWEBCWAAIRMET WA SIGNIFICANT WX INTENDED FOR ALL PILOTS IN PREFLIGHT AND ENROUTE PHASES OF FLIGHT AND ENHANCE SAFETYSIERRA:EXTENSIVE MTN OBSCURATION AND WIDESPREAD IFR CONDITIONSTANGO:MODERATE TURBULENCE OR SFC WINDS 30 KTSZULU:MODERATE ICING AND FREEZING LEVELSSIGMET WS 1:TURBULENCE:SE
32、VERE OR EXTREME OR CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE CAT2:ICING:SEVERE3:WINDS:DUSTSTORMS OR SANDSTORMS LOWERING VISIBILITY TO LESS THAN 3 MILES4:VOLANIC ERUPTION AND ASHCONVECTIVE SIGMET WST SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS due to:Surface winds greater than 50 KtsHail at the surface greater than in.diameterTornadoesEMBEDDED
33、 THUNDERSTORMS A LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCING HEAVY PRECIP AFFECTING 40%OR MORE OF AN AREA AT LEAST 3000 SQUARE MILESILLUSIONS AIM 8-1-5InversionCoriolisElevatorFalse HorizonsLeansAutokinesisGraveyard Spiral/SpinSomatogravicRequired Instruments for IFR 91.205 d&eG enerator or altern
34、atorR adios:Two-way munication AND Navigation equipment appropriate to facilities usedA ltimeter adjustableB all slip&skidC lockA ttitude IndicatorR ate of turn indicatorD irectional gyroDME at&above FL 240Magnetic pass errorsVariationDeviationMagnetic DipOscillationNortherly Turning ErrorsAccelerat
35、ion ErrorsWhen rolling out TO North or South Heading.UNOS UndershootNorthOvershoot South When initiating a turn FROM North or South HeadingNorth OppositeSouthExaggerateAcceleration Errors East or West“ANDS AccelerateNorthDecelerateSouthThe 3 Fundamental Skills of attitude instrument flyingCross-chec
36、kInstrument InterpretationAircraft ControlList the 3 crosscheck errors:Fixation Omission Emphasis 2 Attitude Instrument Flying Concepts1 Control and PerformanceATTITUDE+POWER=PERFORMANCEControl:Attitude Indicator&Tachometer or MPPerformance:everything else2 Primary/SupportPITCHBANKPOWERINSTRUMENTSWh
37、at is a Primary Instrument?The instrument that provides the most pertinent and essential informationWhat is a Supporting Instrument?Supporting instruments backup the primary instrumentsWhat are the primary instruments for straight&level flight?PITCH:ALTIMETERBANK:HEADING INDICATORPOWER:AIRSPEED INDI
38、CATORPITCHBANKPOWERCHANGESTRAIGHT&LEVELWhat is the instrument used to establish a CHANGE in flight attitude?.What is the instrument used to establish a CHANGE in flight attitude?ATTITUDE INDICATORList three types of information displayed by the turn coordinator Rate of Roll Rate of Turn Quality of T
39、urnWhat are the equipment tests&inspections required for IFR?Airworthiness Directives recurring/one-timeVOR preceding 30 daysInspections Annual/100 hour if for hireAltimeter preceding 24 calendar monthsTransponder preceding 24 calendar monthsELT preceding 12 calendar monthsStatic system preceding 24
40、 calendar mo.VOR ChecksWithin preceding 30 days for IFRVOT VOR Test facility-360 FROM or 180 TODesignated Ground CheckpointPublished in AFD+/-4 of designated radialDesignated Airborne checkpointPublished in AFD+/-6 of designated radialAirway checkpoint91.171b4+/-6 of airway radialDual VOR checkTune
41、both to same station.4 degrees of each otherVOR ChecksProcedure for VOR CheckpointsSet OBS to desired radialCDI must center within limitsMust record in aircraft log or other record:PLACEAMOUNT OF BEARING ERRORDATESIGNATUREAircraft Speed Limits 10,000MSL 250 KIASAt or below 2500AGL within 4 nm of the
42、 primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace 200 KIASAirspace underlying a Class B or in a VFR corridor 200 KIASBASIC ELEMENTS OF CLEARANCECLEARANCE LIMITROUTEALTITUDEFREQUENCYTRANSPONDER CODE14 CFR 61.57Recent Flight Experience:Pilot in mandSection c Instrument experience6 calendar months6 app
43、roachesHolding,Intercepting and Tracking“66-HITSection d Instrument proficiency checkhave additional 6 calendar months grace14 CFR 91.103Preflight Action:NW KRAFTa For a flight under IFR,pilot should know:N-Notams all available info concerning flightW-weather reports and forecastsK-known traffic del
44、aysR runway lengths A-alternatives availableF-fuel requirementsT Take Off/Landing Distance info,Section bIFR EmergenciesTwo emergency conditionsDistress MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAYThreatened by serious and/or imminent danger,require immediate assistanceUrgency PAN PAN PAN not immediately dangerous,require
45、prompt assistance to avoid a potentially catastrophic eventROUTE-LOST MAssignedRadar vectorExpectedAs FiledALTITUDE-LOST MHIGHEST OF:Minimum IFR altitudeExpected altitudeAssigned14 CFR 91.185IFR Operations:Two-Way Radio FailureVMC:Continue VFR&land as soon as practicableIMCRoute Assigned-Radar Vecto
46、r-Expect-As Filed in Flight PlanAltitude Highest of:Minimum-Expect-AssignedLeave clearance limit at EFC Time or ETA if no EFCMake a go/no-go decision:The 4 Risk Elements Pilot:IM SAFEAircraftEnvironmentOperationDECIDE MODELAPPLYING THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS:HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES:Hazardous AttitudesA
47、nti-AuthorityImpulsivityInvulnerabilityMachoResignationANTIDOTESFollow the rules-theyre usually rightNot so fast,think firstIt could happen to me!Taking chances is foolishIm not helpless-I can make a differenceAVIATENAVIGATE MUNICATEWorkload Management:Situational awareness:PAY ATTENTION TO EVERYTHI
48、NG!Poor Judgement Chain:DONT DO ANYTHING STUPID!Controlled Flight into TerrainDONT HIT ANYTHING!Remember:Its always better to be on the ground,wishing you were in the airThan to be in the air,wishing you were on the ground.MOMODA POWERPOINTLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Fusce id urna blandit,eleifend nulla ac,fringilla purus.Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus.感感 谢谢 您您 的的 下下 载载 观观 看看专家告诉