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1、中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目: Cultural Differences and Strategies of Translation姓 名 ： 000000 班级、学号 ： 00000000000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 0000000000 开题时间： 2009年4 月 10 日 完成时间： 2009年10月29日 2009年10月29日16目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-4正文5-6答辩委员会表决意见7答辩过程记录表8课 题Cultural Differences and Strategies of
2、Translation课题(论文)提纲 0.引言1. 语言、文化和翻译之间的关系2. 中西方之间的文化差异3. 翻译时所遇到的困难4. 语言学上对翻译看法的差异5. 翻译整篇文章从翻译单词开始6. 直译 7. 意译8. 翻译时应注意部分和整体的衔接问题9 .列举一些翻译的策略(1)怎样理解和翻译习语(2)翻译专有名词时应该注意些什么 (3)怎样翻译术语二、内容摘要【摘要】 语言是文化的载体,文化的形成离不开语言。因此,在翻译中,译者除忠于原文外,还应更好地把握特定的异域文化,加深对语言文化的理解和领悟,才能准确有效地传词达意。从中西文化差异入手,就对客观世界的认识、宗教信仰、文化表达等方面提出
3、了翻译中存在的问题,指出在翻译中应该采用一定的翻译策略,进行合理得体的文化转换,以提高源语的可译度。 三、 参考文献1李源.英汉文化差异与语言翻译初探J.云南师范大学学报:哲学社 会科学版，1998(2):78-82. 2刘宓庆.当代翻译理论M.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999. 3孙晶.直译、意译翻译与归化、异化J.齐齐哈尔医学院学报，2007（3）:3 36-337.4Toury ,Gideon .Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond M.Shanghai ; Shanghai Foreign Language Education Pre
4、ss ,2001,56.胡壮麟.语言教程M.北京：北京大学出版社，1988，362-363巴尔胡达罗夫。语言与翻译（蔡毅等译）。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，140Newmark ,Peter .A textbook of translation M. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1988Nida ,E.A. Language, Culture, Translation J.外国语，1988（3）Cultural Differences and Strategies of Translation000 【摘要】 Translation i
5、s communication between different cultures. This paper analyses the importance of understanding the cultural differences between Eastern and Western countries. By giving some examples, it also explains the influence of cultural differences on the understanding of word meanings and semantic informati
6、on in translation. Finally, the author presents the concrete strategies in practicing English-Chinese translationKey words：language; cultural differences; translation; strategies.Contents0. IntroductionTranslation is a cross-cultural communication event. It concerns not only the transfer between lan
7、guages, but also the transfer between cultures. Professor Wang Zuoliang once said, Translation involves language as well as culture. That means translation is not merely a linguistic activity, but essentially a cultural communication.Traditional translation studies pay less attention to the cultural
8、 phenomena in the process of translation. In fact, language is a unique feature of human society. It serves not only as a means of conveying ideas and feelings, but also as a semiotic system to store information. Therefore, in its development, language has been deeply ingrained with traces of a part
9、icular society, reflecting unique cultural heritage. The major task of translation is to turn the cultural content in one language into another. Translation cannot but encounters the problem of culture and its representation. Cultural factors reflect the confrontation of cultural deposits in the pro
10、cess of translating from one language to another, making it difficult to recapture the relationship between the source text and the source culture.Language is part of a culture as well as its carrier. Since translation is realized through the tool of language, cultural differences and their interact
11、ions are bound to be reflected in the languages involved. To those who are interested in translation an important topic for studying is the cultural value of language.1. Language, Culture and TranslationLanguage and CultureLanguage expresses cultural reality. Language embodies cultural reality. Lang
12、uage symbolizes cultural reality. Language is the heart within the body of culture, and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy. In the same way that the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats
13、 the text in isolation from the culture at his peril. Culture or civilization mix whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.TranslationTranslation consists in reproducing the closest natural equivale
14、nt of the source language in the receptor language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Translation is not only translation of language but also translation of culture, and it is the latter characteristic that plays a really important role in intercultural communication which p
15、romotes the advancement of the whole society. Translation is not only an activity of languages and thoughts, but also a social and cultural activity. All the activities in translation such as the selection of text, the transition and translating strategy and the issue of translation are manipulated
16、and normalized by such outer elements.2. Cultural Differences between Chinese and EnglishCulture is the general concept of art, belief, the outlook of value, tradition and custom, and it can significantly reflect the characteristics of some societies, people, areas, or some countries. Among the part
17、s of some certain cultures, there must be a language by which people express themselves and communicate with each other. Language is also an important carrier of culture, and the two are of great importance to each other. People fostered by different cultures will show their characteristic ways of l
18、anguage speaking and communicating，owing to their different regimes, cultural traditions, the outlook of values, life styles, and ways of thinking. If we neglect the differences among various cultures and speak to westerners in the ways of our mother tongue, we might commit some inappropriateness ev
19、en misunderstandings, which may bring us unsuccessful communication. In other words, we will never master and handle a language in word and deed unless we understand the discrepancies, the ways and disciplines During translation, English and Chinese cultures often meet various negative factors origi
20、nated from cultural differences. It is the differences that cause the limitation of inter-lingual translation. Similarly, translating cannot be separated from cultural background knowledge. In translation, even the very simple expressions cannot be dealt with without any consideration of specific co
21、ntext and customs. 3. The difficulty encountered when translating As we all know ,there are many meanings to words and expressions .How do you know the words and expressions are suit for this meaning ?A word may be this meaning in this sentence, but it it will be another meaning in other sentence .T
22、herefore, the first difficulty what we will encounter is the different meaning of words and expressions .There are another situation that everyone has suffered.while you are looking at a sentence,you can look up the dictionary to make dear new words and grammar.Howerer,its not enough for us to just
23、understand these.You still dont understand how to translate this sentence.So its the second difficulty we may encounter.Sometimes we may lack of some general knowledge.Its become a big problem for translating even if we have skimed through the whole essay.In order to solve these difficulties,we shou
24、ld combine translation with language,cultural background and context.4. The difference of linguistics the sentence information For some time Czechoslovaks linguists devoted attention to the problem of analyzing the sentence from a functional point of view .They believe a sentence contains a point of
25、 departure and a goal of discourse .The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the heater it is their rallying point ,the ground on which they meet .This is called the THEME .The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the heater .This is called
26、 the PHEME .It is believed that the movement from the Theme to the Rheme reveals the movement of the mind itself .Languages may use different syntactic structures ,but the order of ideals remains basically the same .Based on these observations ,they have created the notion FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSEC
27、TIVE to describe how information is distributed in sentences .FSP deals particular with the effect of the distribution of known information and new information in discourse .The KNOWN INFORMATION refers to information that is not new to the reader or hearer .The NEW INFORMATION is what to be transmi
28、tted to the reader or hearer.5. The beginning of translation is to translate words All the same ,we do translate words ,because there is nothing else to translate ;there are only the words on the pages ;there is nothing else there .We do not translate isolated words ,we translate words all more or l
29、ess (and sometimes less rather than more, but never not at all )bound by their syntactic ,collocation ,situational ,cultural and individual dialectal contexts .Lexicographers are increasingly cognizant of the fact that the meaning of a word is dependent on the symptomatic terms that form the verbal
30、context of usage .In fact ,the principle that in any symbolic system the role of the context is maximized and the role of the focal element is minimized has lead to the recognition that a word does not have dozens of meanings that are pointed to by the diverse contexts ,but that the focal term and t
31、he context form a crucial cognitive unit The meaning of a word must be determined by the symptomatic contexts and the cultural contexts .Real meaning is always total meaning .6. Literal Translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words a
32、re again translated singly, out of context .As a pre_translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original .Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called intrali
33、nguas translation,often prolix and pretention, and not translation at all.7. Free Translation Traditionally ,the two major orientations in translating have been literal and free .This contrast has been primarily a matter of focus .Some translators have been quite willing to sacrifice the formal elem
34、ents of the target language and even the intelligibility of the target language text for the sake of preserving what they regard as the integrity of the source text .Such an orientation (Literal translation ) has been particularly popular among many translators of classic literary ,for they have val
35、ued greatly the form of such texts .Persons engaged in the translation of religious documents have also tented to sacrifice the target language for the sake of reflecting the form of the source text ,since often religion tends to promote word worship .Likewise ,those who have been assigned the task
36、of translating political documents defend their literal translations because they do not want to bring into the text any possible excuse for divergent interpretation .Those who favor what is normally called “free translation” have usually opted to sacrifice the form of the source language for the sa
37、ke of elegance and intelligibility in the target language .In general these have been the persons concerned with translating technical texts ,how-to-do-it manuals ,urgent notices ,popular news .8. The Question of the part and the whole Language is highly dialectical .Nothing is immutable and isolate
38、d .The choice of words in a sentences as well as the sentence itself is affected by what goes before or comes after .In his book entitled Better English G.H Villains says that words can not be treated in isolation .And as the English philosopher Wittgenstein puts it ,The meaning of a word is its use
39、 in the language .I think they are quite right .Take words like “Table and chair for instance” .People would say the meaning of such words is quite concrete and fixed .Table means 桌子,and chair means 椅子 .But even with words denoting concrete things much depend on the context and on their use in the s
40、entence .When we say table a motion or chair a meeting ,surely table no longer means something at which we have our meals or chair something we sit on .Of course you may argue that table and chair are no longer nouns but verbs, and that is why the meaning is different .Well ,how about the table of c
41、ontents and chair of philosophy as in the sentence ,She holds the chair of philosophy at Oxford .And then you have the twelve tables (laws promulgated in Rome 451-450 B.C.)the multiplication table ,keep the table amused ,turn the table on somebody and above or below the chair (of alderman who has or
42、 has not been major ).The whole is made of the part .The meaning of the part is determined by that of the whole .Naturally ,the part and the whole are relative terms .Sometimes a phrase or clause or sentence forms the whole .But at other times they often form only a part of the whole in a wider cont
43、ext .9 .Strategies of translation Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two language and cultural traditions ,i.e., at least two sets of norm systems on each level .Thus ,the value behind it may be described as constituting of two major elements :(1) Being a text in a
44、certain language, and hence occupying a position, or filling in a slot, in the appropriate cultural, or in a certain section thereof;(2) Constituting a reorientation in that language /cultural of another, preexisting text in some other language, belonging to some other culture and occupying a defini
45、te position within it.(1)How to understand an idiomNormally, idiomatic and fixed expressions have individual collocational patterns. The form collocations with other items in the text as singe units and enter into lexical set which are different from these of their individual words. The understandin
46、g of idiom is to understand its rhetoric meaning. There are two objectives for people using idioms. One purpose is to express its meaning. Another is to express more lively and image. Therefore, more attention should be paid to translate idioms. If you translate idioms, which cant pass on its rhetor
47、ic meaning, it will be a fail translation. There are four methods for translating idioms:Dissimilation 1) word-for-word translation 2)literal translation and annotation. 3)similar way 4)borrow wayWhat should be taken note of translating proper Noun.Proper Noun can be individual, country, geographic
48、name, institution and organization etc. Such as Anderson, China, Rudenstine, Harvard University. The particular method of Proper Noun translation as follows:1) When you encounter Proper Noun, you should look dictionary Webster New Collegiate and depend on memory firstly. Dont be eager in translating according to your own comprehension.2) Secon