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1、2023年宁夏考研英语一真题及答案一、完形填空考察了丝绸之路上的驿站话题，选项没有什么特别难的词或者短语，文章逻辑也很好懂，考到了并列逻辑和举例逻辑，只要考生认真读题应该拿到不错的分数Use of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas includingChina, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically _1_ outside the walls of a city or village and
2、 were usually funded by governments of _2_.This word “Caravanserais” is a _3_ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to _4_ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network fo
3、r safety reasons, _5_ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the _6_ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road _7_ possibility of being attacke
4、d by thieves or being _8_ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed _9_ they could be reached in a days travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal _10_ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. _11_, those structures became important centers
5、 for culture _12_ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, _13_ talking knowledge with them, greatly _14_ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and _15_ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. _1
6、6_, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and _17_ supplies for their own journeys. It is _18_ that around 120000 to 15000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, _19_ only about 3000 are known to remain today, many of which are in _20_.1、答案：C. located2、答案：A. p
7、rivately3、答案：D. combination4、答案：C. describe5、答案：C. such as6、答案：A. construction7、答案：B. faced8、答案：B. subjected9、答案：A. so that10、答案：D. meeting11、答案：D. As a result12、答案：C. exchange13、答案：C. as well as14、 答案：B. influencing15、答案：A. aided16、答案：B. indeed17、答案：D. stock up on18、答案：A. believed19、答案：D. although2
8、0、答案：A. ruins二、阅读理解Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the en
9、ergy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardys views. “They casually dismiss the ca
10、reer work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the politica
11、l ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship.”Such debate reflects fierce discussion discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change
12、in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performer
13、s were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centres deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited bench
14、mark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages such as ea
15、rth and space sciences in high schools it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official gui
16、delines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather
17、 in Texas is mentioned to答案：C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?答案：B. She denies the value of scientific work.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5答案：A. Climate education is insufficient at state public school24. According to Branch, state-level science
18、 standards in the US答案：C. have limited influence25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools答案：D. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in th
19、e 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, theres an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the re
20、ntal vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that wouldve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.
21、“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing, so anytime youre taking the tool out of the toolkit for communities to address this, youre potentially taking supply off the market thats already incredibly stressed, said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of
22、 the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live, Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, a crucial part of t
23、he economies in places like Nantucket, Cape Cod, or the towns that make up New Hampshires Seacoast and Lakes Region, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of the Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those peo
24、ple coming in short term, Castle said, “and so its a cyclical effect.Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an affordable housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good th
25、ing. If its their vacation home anyway, and its just empty, why cant you make money off it? Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities de facto hotels to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldnt a developer who
26、s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel? Horn said.At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. “The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they
27、carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy, the Globe reported. Boston took things even further, limiting who is authorized to rent out their home, and requiring renters to register with the citys Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registratio
28、n requirements could benefit other struggling cities and towns. The only way to solve the issue, however, is by creating more housing. “If we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.26.Which of the following is true of New England?答案：A. Its housing su
29、pply is at a very low level.27.The bill mentioned in the Paragraph 2 was intended to?答案：D. allow a free short-term rental market.28 . Compared with Castle, Tailor is more likely to support?答案：B in increase in a affordable housing29. What does Horn emphasize in paragraph 3?答案：C the necessity to stop
30、developers from evading taxes.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is答案：D an inadequate solution.Text 3If youre heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussexs new childrens book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the s
31、ame may be true of The Presidents Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed th
32、at it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to thei
33、r relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are d
34、oing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning within our bookshops. “We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be
35、allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers - as have customers, who might expect the new titles from the countrys
36、biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book retailer. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but its those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staffs passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a
37、time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is publis
38、hed. And one wonders if PRH would have been confident enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it werent quite such a big company (it was formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013) and likely to get bigger.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of powe
39、r and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of deliverin
40、g intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. the author mentions tw
41、o books in the paragraph 1 to present _答案：A. an ongoing conflict32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?答案：C. to respond to PRHs business move33. What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?答案：A. their customers remain royal34. What can be one conse
42、quence of the current dispute?答案：A Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownies view?答案：D The merger of publishers is a worrying trendText 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year research
43、ers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the titles impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The care
44、ers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.In recent years, there have been several episodes of scientific fraud, including completely made-up data, massaged or d
45、octored figures, multiple publications of the same data, theft of complete articles, plagiarism of text, and self-plagiarism. And some scientists have come up with another way to artificially boost the number of citations to their work.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions cons
46、pire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact fa
47、ctors of their publications. Recently, I came across yet another expression of this predatory behavior: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles and the articles of colleagues. Some of these consultancies are also active in organizing conferences and can advise that citations be added to conference proceedings. In this manner, a single editor can drive hundreds of citations in the direction of his own artic