《Unit 3 Exposition (1) - Exemplificationppt课件英语写作教程第二册第二版.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Unit 3 Exposition (1) - Exemplificationppt课件英语写作教程第二册第二版.pptx（42页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Unit 3 Exposition(1)-Exemplification教学课件英语写作教程第二册第二版Unit 3 Exposition(1)-Exemplification单击输入您的封面副标题Contents3.0 Introduction3.1 What is exemplification?3.2 What examples to choose3.2.1 Purpose3.2.2 Audience3.3 How to organize an exemplification essay3.0 IntroductionBlank filling:Chengdu is _.Mary is
2、_.Smoking is _.Claims like those are generalizations or general statements.They represent personal assumptions about a place,a person,or a thing,but are not necessarily shared by anyone else.Then,how to get ideas across to your reader?Statements or generalizationExamples as supportYou can see tea ho
3、uses everywhere in Chengdu where people could spend a whole weekend enjoying chatting and playing Mahjong with their friends.Chengdu is a city of leisure.Mary is impossible to live with.She never cleans her room,never washes dishes,and never flushes the toilet.Smoking is really harmful to health.Rec
4、ent news reports that not only smokers but nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to smoke can have increased risk of dying of lung cancer and heart attack.Giving examples to clarity meaning3.1 What is exemplification?Exemplification,or”giving examples”,is to provide examples to support a generalizati
5、on.In exemplification essays,exemplification is used as a dominant method of development,which involves offering many examples to illustrate a point(thesis).Sample 1(p.62)Sample 1“This Is Progress?”was written by the late American political reporter Alan L.Otten and was originally published in Wall
6、Street Journal four decades ago.Questions for discussion based on Sample 1(1)In the essay,what generalization does Otten illustrate?(2)What examples does he use to support this generalization?In Sample 1,Otten illustrates his generalization that scientific and technological advances are causing more
7、 trouble to life than ever before.This assertion is explicitly made in paragraph 6:“As these two anecdotes suggest,this is a column in praise of progress:those wonderful advances in science and technology that leave the world only slightly more snafued than before.”To support this generalization,Ott
8、en offers a number of examples.Supporting examples Otten uses in the essay1The wake-up call,which,once set up in the computer,could not be adjusted2The electrically controlled doors that could not be opened when there was a power failure3The modern office that can easily come to a halt when a copyin
9、g machine is out of order4The computerized magazine subscription lists management system that is less efficient than expected5The form letters that are often automatically led off wrong salutations6The medical improvements in drugs,operations,and health regimens that are not as safe as predicted7The
10、 banking network system that didnt work because of a heavy rain8The modern printing process that causes more work pressure to journalists by making the news deadlines earlierSupporting examples Otten uses in the essay9The lengthy background stories that are now computerized and erased so soon that i
11、t is impossible to save copies of them for future access10The contact lenses,which are easily lost and that are easily put in one eye,causing trouble for their users11The new high-speed trains,the Amtrak Metroliners,that had to be canceled off and on because of snow storms12The school buildings with
12、 windows that dont open,which disturb schooling when air conditioning fails on a hot day13The time-and-date digital wristwatch that could show the incorrect date and time if not set manually back to standard time14The power windows in a car that could not be rolled up on a rainy day when the car bat
13、tery was dead15The credit card that can bring discrimination or hostility16The postmark on a letter at present time that does not contain useful informationAs you can see,the examples Otten uses to support his generalization are mainly from his life experience and observations as well as the experie
14、nces and stories of other people.Examples in exemplification essays in general can come from a variety of sources.They can be what you gain from personal experience and observations,or from outside sources,such as experience of others,stories,facts,opinions,anecdotes,quotations,statistics,research m
15、aterials,or testimony you read,hear,or watch in everyday life.Examples can take many forms.1.Brief examples Brief examples concisely support a generalization and do not run more than two or three sentences.When stacked up together,brief examples are especially helpful to introduce a topic and furthe
16、r clarify or reinforce a point that is not complex but may not be immediately obvious to all your readers.(See Sample 2,p.66)In Sample 2,the writer uses a series of facts to specify the generalization explicated in the first sentence.“In the early years of Hollywood,actors aspiring to become movie s
17、tars often adopted new names that they believed sounded more attractive to the public.”2.Extended examples Extended examples include more details and specifics.Unlike brief examples,extended examples could last as short as a paragraph or two or occasionally as long as to encompass a whole essay.An e
18、xtended example,fully developed with details,can be more useful than a series of brief examples to illustrate a more complex point which may be unfamiliar to the reader or which cannot be adequately explained using brief examples.In expository essays,you may find many extended examples are basically
19、 vivid and dramatic narratives or anecdotes(brief stories)which not only support the generalization but also engage the reader to continue reading while you are illustrating your idea.(See Sample 3,p.66)Sample 3(p.66)In Sample 3,by using an extended example,or more precisely her own experience,the w
20、riter clearly shows to the reader that gender bias against female drivers is so pervasive that it can even exist in families and between women.And at the same time,her experience also adds personal authority to her writing which makes her point more convincing than pure assertions.3.Hypothetical exa
21、mples Hypothetical examples describe imaginary or fictional scenarios that may not actually exist but could logically happen.Hypothetical examples are best used to illustrate a complex and abstract point that makes the most sense to your audience when you enable them to imagine themselves in a parti
22、cular situation.This is one advantage of plausible hypothetical examples over the real ones.Hypothetical examples often begin with the word“assume,”“suppose,”or“imagine.”(See Sample 4,p.67)In Sample 4,the writer uses a hypothetical example to illustrate the need to use seat belt.At times a hypotheti
23、cal example can also be a detailed fictional story.Assume you are writing an essay asserting education is important in ones career development.You can include a story describing a young man who didnt obtain higher education failing many times in job application but finally getting accepted by a larg
24、e company after he resumed his study in a night school and obtained his bachelors degree.Task 1 Reread the essay“This Is Process?”carefully and answer thefollowing question.Some of Ottens examples are more detailed than others.How do you suppose the author determined which ones to develop more exten
25、sively?3.2 What examples to chooseAlthough examples can come from a variety of sources and take many forms,in reality,the examples you read in an essay can actually be any combination thereof.However,what examples to use is not a random decision;it largely depends on your purpose and audience.3.2.1
26、PurposeThe purpose of your writing will influence the examples used.Although the primary purpose of an exemplification essay is to explain,the primary purpose of an author writing an essay can vary,sometimes beyond mere explanation.Those purposes can be inferred from the examples he or she skillfull
27、y chooses.For example,one who writes an essay claiming the severe effects of air pollution may include a true story of an 8-year-old lung cancer patient,a story that involves detailed and vivid description of the pain and desperation she and her family suffered as a consequence of the poor air quali
28、ty in her neighborhood.This sad story not only illustrates the seriousness of air quality issues-it is also likely to arouse sympathy and anger in the readers mind and thus makes this essay thought-provoking and persuasive in another sense-it applies to the readers emotion and might convince people
29、to believe that it is high time that they should take actions to improve air quality.Through this example,the author also depicts him or herself as an emotional and sympathetic writer who cares about peoples feelings and pain.In theory,using such a story as an example,the author could achieve at lea
30、st three purposes other than explanation-to impress,to persuade,and to establish a certain image of him-or herself as a writer.Therefore,what examples to choose is not merely a matter of selecting the ones that are most relevant to your point or thesis;it also involves evaluating and excluding those
31、 that dont fit your writing purposes.3.2.2 AudienceAudience is another important consideration affecting the examples used.Purpose and audience are bound together in essay writing.It is almost impossible to discuss purpose without considering audience because whether the purpose could be achieved is
32、 merely under the control of your audience,or more precisely,their acceptance of your chosen examples.Therefore,knowing your audience beforehand could bring successful results even when your only reader is your instructor.Knowing your audience means to know their likes and dislikes,their interests a
33、nd taboos,their educational and professional backgrounds,their attitudes and stances.For instance,when you write an essay explaining why one university is not a good one with examples illustrating its weaknesses.If you are writing to someone who only cares about the academic levels instead of living
34、 conditions,it may not be very effective to cite as an example that there is no air conditioning in the dormitories in that university.Examples involving stories or subjective description may be interesting enough to illustrate your point for common readers,but for critical readers who are driven no
35、t by emotion but reason,those examples which reveal and generate subjective feelings lack objectivity and thus impair the credibility of your writing.Imagine that you are responding to your environmental sciences professors assignment about air pollution.Will you use the same story of the 8-year-old
36、 victim to illustrate that air pollution is serious?In this case,examples objective in nature such as facts,statistics from authorities,or research results may function much betterthey add not only validity and credibility to your writing but also an air of seriousness and objectivity to your image,
37、something that a college professor expects from a student.Purpose and audience are the two major factors that influence choice of examples.In Sample 1,Ottens main purpose for writing is to inform people of the potential side effects brought about by advances in science and technology.To fulfill this
38、 purpose,he offers a number of examples from various sources,but many of them,especially the lengthy ones relate to the work and living experiences of people in business,journalism,banking,medicine,and education.Given the fact that this essay originally appeared in Wall Street Journal,an American bu
39、siness-focused newspaper targeting people in politics,economics,education,and medicine,those examples are suited to the original target reader-although ordinary readers without the relevant knowledge and experience may find some examples difficult to comprehend.To determine whether the examples you
40、choose are effective to your purpose and appropriate to your audience,you can ask yourself the following questions:Do all the examples I choose support my thesis?What are the sources of the examples?Do I share my personal feeling in those examples?Do I want my readers to feel entertained?Do I want t
41、o convince my readers of something through those examples?What image do I want to establish as a writer?Who are my potential readers?What do my readers expect from my writing?How much do they know about the subject?Do they have any strong feelings about those examples?Do those examples make sense to
42、 them?Task 2 We know that Otten cites many examples related to journalism,politics,and office life to suite his purpose and audience.How would his essay be different if he were addressing other people?Housewives?3.3 How to organize an exemplification essayA typical exemplification essay often starts
43、 with an introduction that includes a thesis indicating the opinion of the author on a subject,supported by an example or a series of examples in body paragraphs,and ends with a conclusion reinforcing the thesis in an appropriate way.Ways of organizing your examples1.You may arrange the examples chr
44、onologically,following time order.For example,if you want to write an essay claiming that raising a child is expensive,you can include examples which illustrate areas costly to parents as a child grows up:diapers,toys,health care,education,housing,and marriage.2.You may organize your examples spatia
45、lly,following the order of space.For example,if you want to support the generalization that Shanghai Disneyland Park is a wonderful place to go,you can provide details introducing the amazing themed lands and attractions according to their location in the park.3.You may also arrange in order of incr
46、easing complexity,from the simplest to the complex,or emphatically from the least important example to the one that is most important,or reverse the order to fulfill your purposes.However,whatever method you choose to organize your examples,be sure to use transitions (words,phrases,or sentences)to l
47、ink different examples so that your readers can move smoothly from one to another and wont fail to see the connection between an example and the generalization(thesis statement or topic sentence)it supports.In exemplification essays,transitions like“for example”,“for instance”,“specifically”,“that i
48、s”,“namely”,“in fact,”and“thus”are most commonly used to signal a transfer from a general statement to a specific example or vice visa.Sample 1“This Is Progress?”:The author arranges his examples in a progressive order.IntroductionPara.6Paras.7-8Para.9Paras.10-11Para.12ConclusionTask 3 Read Sample 5
49、(p.72)The Catbird Seat written by David J.Birnbaum.This essay originally appeared in 1998 in The New York Times magazines“Lives”column,where people from a variety of backgrounds write about their experiences.Read the essay carefully and answer the questions that follow.Note:“The catbird seat”is an i
50、diomatic phrase used to describe an enviable position,often in terms of having the upper hand or greater advantage in all types of dealings among parties.Questions for discussion based on Sample 51.What generalization does Birnbaum want to illustrate in this essay?Is it implied or stated in a thesis