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1、运动系统解剖学第1页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Basic Concepts of Anatomy nDefinition:human anatomy,the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyqGross anatomy:nsystematic anatomy nregional anatomyq Applied anatomyq Clinical anatomy第2页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三人体解剖学发展简史人体解剖学发展简史HippcratesHippocrates-希波克拉
2、底希波克拉底(公元前(公元前460377)古希)古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。第3页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三GalenGalen-伽林伽林(130200)古希腊名医、解剖学家,著医经,对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。第4页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Vesalius-(15141564)现代解剖学的奠现代解剖学的奠基人,基人,1543年出版了人体构造这一划年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。时代的解剖学巨著。Vesalius第5页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三HarveyHarvey-(15781657)解剖生理学家,发现了血液循环解剖
3、生理学家,发现了血液循环的原理,确定血液是在一个封闭的原理,确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生两书。开论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。创了动物实验研究的道路。第6页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三我国人体解剖学的发展历程我国人体解剖学的发展历程n公元前300200黄帝内经已有对人体解剖的记载。n两宋时代五脏六腑、存真图描述了解剖学知识。n王清任(17681831)编著的医林改错更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。n19492003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长,编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱,对我国解剖学事业的发展做
4、出了巨大的贡献。第7页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三人体解剖教学特点人体解剖教学特点n人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式,在教师指导下,按照解剖操作指导,参照图谱由学生式,在教师指导下,按照解剖操作指导,参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体,部分内容观察标本和模型。同时,密亲自动手解剖尸体,部分内容观察标本和模型。同时,密切结合活体的观察和触摸,并适当的结合一些临床病例讨切结合活体的观察和触摸,并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强
5、对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。n教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同,分为教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同,分为“掌握内掌握内容容”和和“了解内容了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容,学生必两级。掌握内容为重点内容,学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。的认识和了解。第8页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Descriptive anatomical termsnThe anat
6、omical position:(解剖学姿势解剖学姿势)The body is upright,legs together,and directed forwards.The palms are turned forward,with the thumbs laterally.第9页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三The terms of the direction (方位术语方位术语)nsuperior 上上,inferior 下下nanterior(ventral)前前(腹侧腹侧)posterior(dorsal)后后(背侧背侧)nmedial 内侧内侧,lateral 外侧外侧nin
7、ternal 内内,external 外外nsuperficial 浅浅,profound 深深nproximal 近侧近侧,distal 远侧远侧nulnar 尺侧尺侧,radial 桡侧桡侧ntibial 胫侧胫侧,fibular 腓侧腓侧第10页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Anatomical axes and planes(轴与面)(轴与面)nAxis 轴:轴:qVertical axis 垂直轴垂直轴qSagittal axis 矢状轴矢状轴qCoronal axis 冠状轴冠状轴nPlane面面:qSagittal plane 矢状面矢状面qCoronal plane 冠
8、状面冠状面qHorizontal plane 水平面水平面 或transverse plane 横切面横切面第11页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三The Locomotor System 运动系统运动系统n运动系统由运动系统由bone 骨骨、joints关节关节和和muscles 骨骼肌骨骼肌组成,占成人体重组成,占成人体重60%q骨起杠杆作用骨起杠杆作用q关节是运动的枢纽关节是运动的枢纽q骨骼肌是动力器官骨骼肌是动力器官n功能功能:q support 支持支持qProtection 保护保护qLocomotion 运动运动 第12页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Introduct
9、ion of the osteology 骨学总论骨学总论nBones in adult are 206 in number.nClassification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape nThe position can be:qskull 颅骨qbones of trunk 躯干骨qappendicular skeleton 四肢骨nTypes of shape include:qlong bone 长骨长骨qshort bone 短骨短骨qflat bone 扁骨扁骨 qirregul
10、ar bone不规则骨不规则骨 第13页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三n Long bones(found in limbs):qDiaphysis or shaft 骨干骨干,which is hollow(called medullary cavity 骨髓腔骨髓腔),filled with bone marrowqTwo endsepiphysis 骺骺 articular surface 关节面关节面,metaphysis干骺端干骺端,epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨骺软骨,and epiphysial line 骺线骺线nShort bones:cuboidal
11、 in shape,e.g.carpal bones第14页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nFlat bones:thin,nIrregular bones:have any irregular or mixed shape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumatic bones含气骨*Sesamoid bones籽骨:develop within tendon第15页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三General structures of bone骨的构造骨的构造nBone substance 骨质骨质qcompact bone 骨密质骨密质qspongy bone 骨松质骨
12、松质 呈海绵状,由trabeculae骨小梁构成In the flat bones of the skull,the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和和内板,while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障板障 第16页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nPeriosteum 骨膜骨膜:qOuter or fibrous layer qInner layer is vascular and provides the underlyi
13、ng bone with nutrition.It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞)Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.nBone marrow 骨髓骨髓qRed marrow 红骨髓红骨髓:haematopoietic 造血qYellow marrow黄骨髓黄骨髓:fatty 第17页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质nOr
14、ganic material有机质有机质:主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架,赋予骨的弹性和韧性。n Inorganic salts无机质无机质:主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性 Organic materialInorganic saltsChildren 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1 4第18页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Bones of trunk 躯干骨躯干骨nComposition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨nThere are 33 vertebrae in children,
15、arranged as follows:nCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7nThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12nLumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5nSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨nCoccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨第19页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三General features of vertebraenVertebral body 椎体椎体nVertebral arch 椎弓椎弓qpedicle of vertebral arch
16、 椎弓根椎弓根:sup.and inf.Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 qlamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板nprocess(7):qspinous process 棘突棘突qtransverse process 横突横突qsup.and inf.articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突nVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 nVertebral canal 椎管椎管nIntervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔第20页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Regional variations
17、of vertebraeCervical vertebraenVertebrae Body:small nVertebral foramen:larger and triangularnSpinous processes:short and bifid in C3 to C5,long in C6,and longer in C7nTransverse processes:short and bifid,transverse foramen横突孔横突孔nArticular processes:horizontal 第21页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Atypical vertebeae
18、nAtlas寰椎寰椎(C1)qBody and spinous process absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massesqGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟第22页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nAxis枢椎枢椎(C2):distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas第23页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nCaroti
19、d tubercle:颈动脉颈动脉结节结节:anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6nVertebra prominens 隆隆椎椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes第24页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Thoracic vertebrae nVertebrae
20、Body:heart-shape,superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹nVertebral foramen:smaller,rounder nSpinous processes:long,point obliquely downward nTransverse processes:transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 nArticular processes:coronal 第25页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Lumbar vertebrae nVertebrae Body:larger,kidney-s
21、hape nVertebral foramen:larger and triangular nSpinous processes:projects horizontally nTransverse processes:long nArticular processes:sagittal 第26页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Sacrum nAnterior surface:promontory岬岬,anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs)nPosterior surface:median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴,poste
22、rior sacral foramina(four pairs),sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔,sacral cornu 骶角骶角nLateral part:auricular surface耳状面耳状面,sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆第27页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Transsacral(epidural)anasthesiaCornua palpationSacral hiatus第28页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Sternum nManubrium sterni 胸骨柄胸骨柄:jugular notch 颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹,clavi
23、cular notch 锁切迹锁切迹nBody of sternum 胸骨体胸骨体 nXiphoid process Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角:the junction of manubrium and body,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly第29页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,a
24、nd lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly第30页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Ribs肋肋:12 pairnGeneral featuresqRibs 17 called true ribs真肋真肋qRibs 810 called false ribs 假肋假肋qRibs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋浮肋第31页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Characteristics of“typical”ribnPosterior end:costal head 肋头肋头,costal neck肋肋颈颈,co
25、stal tubercle肋结节肋结节 nShaft:costal angle肋角肋角,costal groove 肋沟肋沟nAnterior end第32页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Atypical ribnFirst rib:tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节前斜角肌结节,sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨下锁骨下动、静脉沟动、静脉沟n11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks,tubercles and angles第33页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三The
26、 Bones of Limbs山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室李振华李振华第34页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Bones of upper limbsComposition:nShould girdle 上肢带骨上肢带骨clavicle锁骨锁骨,scapula肩胛骨肩胛骨nBones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨自由上肢骨qHumerus肱骨肱骨 in armqRadius桡骨桡骨 and ulna尺骨尺骨 in forearmqCarpal腕骨腕骨,metacarpals掌骨掌骨 and phalanges指骨指骨 in hand第35页,共72
27、页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Clavicle 锁骨锁骨n“S”shaped,medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backwardnSternal end胸骨端胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端肩峰端 laterally 第36页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Scapula 肩胛骨肩胛骨nThree bordersqSuperior:coracoid process 喙突喙突,scapular notch 肩胛切迹qLateral(axillary)border腋缘腋缘qMedial(verteb
28、ral)border脊柱缘脊柱缘nThree anglesqSuperior:opposite to the 2nd rib qInferior:opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals spaceqLateral:glenoid cavity关节盂关节盂,supra-and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节nTwo surfacesqAnterior surface concave:subscapular fossa肩胛下窝肩胛下窝qPosterior surface:supra-and infraspinous fos
29、sae冈上、冈上、下窝下窝,spine of scapula 肩胛冈肩胛冈,acromion 肩峰肩峰第37页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Humerus 肱骨肱骨nUpper end:head of humerus肱骨头肱骨头,anatomical neck解剖颈解剖颈,greater and lesser tubercles大、小结节大、小结节,crests of greater and lesser tubercle,大、小结节嵴大、小结节嵴,intertubercular groove结节间沟结节间沟,surgical neck外科颈外科颈nShaft:deltoid tube
30、rosity三角肌粗隆三角肌粗隆on lateral surface,and a groove for radial nerve桡神桡神经沟经沟 on posterior surfacenLower end:lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁,capitulum 肱骨小头肱骨小头,trochlea 肱骨滑车肱骨滑车,coranoid fossa 冠突窝冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝桡窝(anteriorly)and olecranon fossa鹰嘴窝鹰嘴窝(posteriorly),and sulcus for ulnar nerv
31、e 尺神经沟尺神经沟第38页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三RadiusnUpper end:head of radius桡骨头桡骨头,neck of radius桡骨颈桡骨颈,radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆桡骨粗隆,and articular circumference环状关节面nShaft:interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘nLower end:styloid process 茎突茎突laterally,ulnar notch尺切迹尺切迹 medially,and carpal articular surface腕关节面腕关节面 inferiorly第39
32、页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Fracture of the distal end pf the radius 第40页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三UlnarnUpper end:olecranon鹰嘴鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆尺骨粗隆 nLower end styloid process 尺骨茎突尺骨茎突 head of ulna 尺骨头尺骨头第41页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Carpal bones 腕骨腕骨nPro
33、ximal row (lateral to medial)scaphoid手舟骨手舟骨,lunate月骨月骨,triquetral三角骨三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨豌豆骨nDistal row (lateral to medial)trapezium大多角大多角骨骨,trapezoid小多角骨小多角骨,capitate头状骨头状骨 and hamate钩钩骨骨Metacarpal bones掌骨掌骨nNumbered one to five from thumb to little fingernStructure of eachbase(proximally),shaft,and
34、head(distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨指骨nConsist of 14 two for first digit(thumb)and three for each of other four digitsnStructure of each base(proximally),shaft,and trochlea of phalanx(distally),tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆远节指骨粗隆第42页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Bones of Lower LimbComposition:nPelvic gird
35、le:hip bone髋骨髋骨nBones of free lower limb:qFemur股骨股骨 in thigh(patella髌髌骨骨)qTibia胫骨胫骨 and fibula腓骨腓骨 in leg qTarsals跗骨跗骨,metatarsals跖骨跖骨,phalanges of toes趾骨趾骨 in foot第43页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Hip bone Consisting of three fused bones,ilium,ischium,pubisnIlium髂骨髂骨qBody of ilium 髂骨体髂骨体 to form superior 2/5 o
36、f acetabulum髋臼髋臼qAla of ilium 髂骨翼髂骨翼:iliac crest 髂嵴髂嵴,anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘髂前上棘,anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘髂前下棘,tubercle of iliac crest髂结节髂结节,posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘髂后上棘,posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘髂后下棘,greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹坐骨大切迹,gluteal surface 臀面臀面,ilia
37、c fossa 髂窝髂窝,arcuate line弓状线弓状线,auricular surface 耳状面耳状面,iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆髂粗隆,第44页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nIschium 坐骨坐骨qBody of ischium 坐骨体坐骨体to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum,ischial spine坐骨棘坐骨棘,lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹坐骨小切迹qRamus of ischium 坐骨支坐骨支,ischial tuberosity 坐骨坐骨结节结节nPubis 耻骨
38、耻骨qBody of pubis 耻骨体耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum,iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起髂耻隆起qSuperior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支耻骨上支:pecten of pubis 耻耻骨梳骨梳,pubic tubercle 耻骨结节耻骨结节,pubic crest 耻骨嵴耻骨嵴,symphysial surface耻骨联合面耻骨联合面qInferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支耻骨下支:obturator foramen 闭孔闭孔nAcetabulum 髋臼髋臼for
39、med by bodies of ischium,ilium and pubis Lunate surface月状面月状面,acetabular fossa髋臼髋臼窝窝,acetabular notch髋臼切髋臼切迹迹第45页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Femur 股骨股骨nUpper end:femoral head股骨头股骨头,fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹,neck of femur 股骨颈股骨颈,greater trochanter 大转子大转子,lesser trochanter 小转子小转子,intertrochanteric line 转子转子间线
40、间线,intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴转子间嵴nShaft:linea aspera 粗线粗线,gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆臀肌粗隆,pectineal line耻骨肌线耻骨肌线,popliteal surface 腘面腘面 nLower end:medial and lateral condyles内、内、外侧髁外侧髁,medial and lateral epicondyles内、内、外上髁外上髁,adductor tubercle 收肌结节收肌结节,intercondylar fossa髁间窝髁间窝,patellar surface髌面第46页,
41、共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Fracture of the femoral neck第47页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Tibia 胫骨胫骨nUpper end:medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁内、外侧髁,intercondylar eminence 髁间髁间隆起隆起,fibular articular surface 腓关节面,tuberosity of tibia胫胫骨粗隆骨粗隆 nShaft:interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘,soleal line 比目鱼肌线比目鱼肌线nLower end:fibular notch腓切
42、腓切迹迹,medial malleolus 内踝内踝第48页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Fibula 腓骨nUpper end:fibular head 腓骨头腓骨头,neck of fibula 腓骨颈nShaft:interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘nLower end:lateral malleolus 外踝外踝Patella 髌骨髌骨ntriangular sesamoid bone第49页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Tarsal bones 跗骨跗骨Consist of seven short bones arranged in three rownP
43、osterior row talus 距骨距骨,calcaneus 跟骨跟骨nIntermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨足舟骨nAnterior row medial,intermediate,and lateral cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,cuboid bone 骰骨骰骨第50页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Metatarsal bones 跖骨跖骨nConsist of five elongated bones,numbered one to five medial to lateralnStructure of
44、each base(proximally),shaft,and head(distally)in eachPhalanges of toes 趾骨趾骨nConsist of 14two for first toe(hallux)and three for each of other four toesSurface landmarks:trochlea of talus距骨滑车距骨滑车,calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节跟骨结节,tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆舟骨粗隆,and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bo
45、ne第五跖骨粗隆第五跖骨粗隆第51页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Skull颅颅山东大学医学院解剖教研室山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华李振华第52页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三The skull is composed of 23 bones,which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium nCerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅(8)larger,upper and posterior part,contains and protects the brainqSingle bones:inc
46、lude frontal bone 额骨额骨,ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨,sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨,occipital bone 枕骨枕骨qPaired bones:include temporal bone 颞骨颞骨 parietal bone 顶骨顶骨 第53页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三nBones of facial cranium 面颅面颅(15)smaller,lower,and anterior part,contains bones that surrounded the eye,nose and mouthqSingle bones:include
47、 mandible下颌骨下颌骨,vomer 犁骨犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨舌骨qPaired bones:include maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨,nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨,lacrimal bone 泪骨泪骨,palatine bone 腭骨腭骨,zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨,inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲第54页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三Frontal boneZygomatic boneNasal boneMaxilla MandibleSphenoid bone parietal bone Temporal boneOccip
48、ital bone第55页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三面颅上颌为中心,上鼻泪,下下颌,面颅上颌为中心,上鼻泪,下下颌,外颧内甲后犁腭,舌骨颈前单落脚外颧内甲后犁腭,舌骨颈前单落脚。第56页,共72页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Mandible下颌骨下颌骨nBody of mandible qSuperior border:alveolar arch 牙槽弓 qInferior border:base of mandible下颌底qOuter surface:mental protuberance 颏隆凸,mental foramen 颏孔颏孔qInner surface:mental
49、spine颏棘,digastric fossa二腹肌窝nRamus:has two vertical processes separated by mandibular notch下颌切迹qCoronoid process 冠突qCondylar process 髁突髁突nhead of mandible 下颌头下颌头 nneck of mandible 下颌颈下颌颈qMandibular foramen 下颌孔下颌孔,mandibular lingula下颌小舌qAngle of mandible下颌角下颌角qMasseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆咬肌粗隆第57页,共72页,编
50、辑于2022年,星期三The skull as a whole 颅的整体观颅的整体观Skull viewed from above(superior view)nBones:frontal额,paired parietal顶,occipital枕nSutures:qcoronal冠状缝冠状缝,qsagittal 矢状缝矢状缝,qlambdoid人字缝人字缝nparietal tuber 顶结节,parietal foramen顶孔Internal surface of the calvaria nsulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟上矢状窦沟ngran