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1、Main points Elements of a presentationStructure of a presentationTactics of a presentation第1页/共58页演讲是一个双向沟通过程演讲是一个双向沟通过程第2页/共58页演讲后演讲后第3页/共58页1.What is the point?-objectivesWhat makes a good presentation?List all the things you think make a good presentation.第4页/共58页Purposes for making a presentatio
2、nTo demonstrate:a service,product,system.To create:an image,strategy.To entertain:colleagues,outside people.To sell:a concept,product,idea.To promote:an attitude,a way of working.To suggest:a solution,a new concept.第5页/共58页 Checklist1.Overall a.Does she consider the audience?b.Does she have a clear
3、objective and style(to tell,to sell,to amuse)2.Systema.Is her presentation well prepared?b.Is there a clear structure(beginning,middle and ending)?c.Does she link the parts together properly?第6页/共58页 d.Is the content relevant and interesting?e.Has she considered the timing?3.Delivery a.Does she spea
4、k clearly?b.Does she speak at the right speed and using the right intonations?c.Does she use appropriate language?4.Body language a.Does she use her body to emphasize meaning?b.Does she maintain eye contact with audience?c.Does she appear confident and positive?第7页/共58页 5.Visual aids a.Are the visua
5、l aids clear?b.Do they support her message?c.Does she use the equipment professionally?第8页/共58页Organization of a presentation:Introduction Outline Main parts Conclusion Review第9页/共58页 I.演讲的要素演讲的三要素：信息、演讲者、听众一、信息 信息可以由演讲者与听众共同分享。演讲中的信息，主要是 言语信息。二、演讲者 演讲者是信息的发源地。演讲者主要以言语传递信息，还 用动作、手势、姿态、表情等传递非言语符号的辅助信
6、息。第10页/共58页三、听众 听众是什么人 目标是什么(一)听众心理的几个特点 1听众对信息的接受具有选择性；2听众心理是独立意识与从众心理的矛盾统一；3“名片”效应与“自己人”效应；(二)听众的构成Your superiors Your colleagues Your team A mixed audience A hostile audience An international audience第11页/共58页 在演讲的整个准备过程中，演讲者思想上要一在演讲的整个准备过程中，演讲者思想上要一直直想想 着听众着听众；演讲者要列出演讲者要列出其对听众了解的清单其对听众了解的清单 演讲者要
7、抓住并使听众保持对演讲的兴趣和想演讲者要抓住并使听众保持对演讲的兴趣和想象力象力 演讲者要对听众演讲者要对听众注意力注意力进行再刺激进行再刺激 听众容易记住听众容易记住结构形式清楚并得到重复强调的结构形式清楚并得到重复强调的内容内容 演讲者通过听众的演讲者通过听众的耳闻目睹耳闻目睹进入听众的记忆进入听众的记忆 第12页/共58页（三）目标 演讲者应当能用一个短句写下其演说的目标 比如：比如：“获得对第获得对第3434号项目的资金批准认定。号项目的资金批准认定。”“说服这位顾客购买我们一台电脑。说服这位顾客购买我们一台电脑。”“告诉我的集体今年公司成果怎样。我们为什么要做得告诉我的集体今年公司成
8、果怎样。我们为什么要做得更好。更好。”然后演讲者要判定他(她)是否要尽力向听众 传授知识传授知识 /告知情况告知情况 施加影响施加影响 第13页/共58页Preparation checklistObjectives:Recheck that you have defined your objective correctly.Structure:Your presentation have a clearly identifiable structure?Content:Is all said that needs saying?Sequence:Is it logical?Are all l
9、inks and summaries appropriate?Time:Is sufficient time available for all you want to say?Balance:Is each section weighted correctly?Check the priorities of your arguments and facts.Conclusion:Does it make people sit up and agree with you?Is it punchy?Objectives:All the above work towards achieving y
10、our objective?第14页/共58页 II.演讲的结构I、Structuring a presentation An effective presentation structure includes:1.Use an effective opening 2.Give a preview 3.State your main points clearly 4.Use clear inner summary and signal words for transition 5.Use an effective closing 第15页/共58页2.Making a start1.Which
11、 of the items on the checklist below would you include in the introduction to:a.an internal presentation to colleagues?b.an internal presentation to bosses?c.an external presentation to customers?d.an external presentation to suppliers?第16页/共58页Checklist your name and position/job title the title/su
12、bject of your presentation the purpose of your presentation the length of time you will take the main parts or points you will cover any visual aides you will use when the audience may ask questions a human touch第17页/共58页1.1.Exercise:Listen to the tape(P12)()Internal presentation to colleagues at a
13、budget meeting?()external presentation to delegates at a professional conference2.Complete the presentation introduction with words from the list:talk about look at points of view questions brief finally hear act as go along第18页/共58页 Good afternoon and thank you for making the effort to be here with
14、 us today.My names Rachel Rawlins and Im responsible for public affairs.What Id like to do today is _ our recent corporate campaign.This _ talk will hopefully _ a springboard for discussion.Im going to _ the corporate campaign from 3 _:firstly,the customers;secondly,the financial institutions;and _,
15、the shareholders.If you have any _,just interrupt me as I _.Your point of view may well be different,and wed like to _ from you.第19页/共58页 1)Use an effective opening Goals Techniques Use humor Refer to the unusual Refer to the familiar Use audience motivation techniques 第20页/共58页 2)Give a preview 3)S
16、tate your main points clearly Follow your preview Limit your main points Use explicit transitions Provide internal summaries 4)Use an effective closing Give a summary Refer to the opening End with the action steps Refer to audience benefits第21页/共58页 表4.1 开头实例例1：提问 “我想问一下在座的诸位，哪位知道过去我想问一下在座的诸位，哪位知道过去
17、2424小时里在中小时里在中国有多少孩子出生国有多少孩子出生?”“我想知道，如果我告诉您，您的计算机在买进时已经过我想知道，如果我告诉您，您的计算机在买进时已经过时，您有何感想时，您有何感想?”例2：事实陈述 “今天，我们市又有今天，我们市又有3030个孩子的父亲因工去世个孩子的父亲因工去世这类这类死亡本可得到预防死亡本可得到预防!”例3：提及 “今天，这里的每一位都记得，当我们听到唐山大地震今天，这里的每一位都记得，当我们听到唐山大地震时的震惊和悲痛。时的震惊和悲痛。”第22页/共58页例4：主题 “我今晚要给您讲述令人激动振奋的我今晚要给您讲述令人激动振奋的xR5xR5多用程序，多用程序，
18、然后告诉您这种电脑将如何改变您的经商方式。然后告诉您这种电脑将如何改变您的经商方式。”例5：引用 “一位伟人说：一位伟人说：每个人的经历远远超过他的想每个人的经历远远超过他的想像范围像范围。不过，正是经验而不是想象，才影响人的。不过，正是经验而不是想象，才影响人的行为。行为。”例6:感染情绪 “好心的人们，您只要掏五毛线，就可以使这个好心的人们，您只要掏五毛线，就可以使这个孩子活下去，直到下年的收获季节，那时他就可以养孩子活下去，直到下年的收获季节，那时他就可以养活自己。活自己。”第23页/共58页3 Linking the partsDifferent ways of organizing
19、information and ideas:companymoneypeopleassetssupplierscashproductpricequalitystaffcustomersfixedintangiblemngmtsubordintcostsCompetition Model 1第24页/共58页 Company I.Money A.assets a.fixed b.intangible B.cash II.People A.staff a.management b.subordinates B.customer C.suppliers III.Product A.quality B
20、.price a.costs petitionModel 2第25页/共58页Use the information below to prepare a short presentation.Type of training:Technical Management Technical training Information technology(computers)Objective:to keep a technical edge over the competition Training for efficiency Training for innovation 95%of emp
21、loyees receive some technical training Management training Leadership/team management strategies Objective:to run an efficient business 3%of employees receive management training第26页/共58页4 Finishing off Signal to end summary invitation for questions recommendation 第27页/共58页Complete Joannas presentat
22、ion notes.Signal to end _ Summary _1._2._3._ Recommendation _ Invitation for Questions _ 第28页/共58页You are going to hear the final part of 4 presentations.Decide which presentation each extract comes from.1.The sales presentation by a salesman to a group of prospective customers ()2.The welcome prese
23、ntation()3.The new idea presentation()4.The motivation presentation by personnel director to new employees()第29页/共58页结尾实例例1：提问 “所以，女士们，先生们，我要提请诸位思考一一如果所以，女士们，先生们，我要提请诸位思考一一如果有人告诉您，您正在受到这种疾病的困绕，您有何感想有人告诉您，您正在受到这种疾病的困绕，您有何感想?”例2：提示 “今天，在我们的节目里，我要使您认识到，我们需要今天，在我们的节目里，我要使您认识到，我们需要有更强更专业化的经销活动。而实际上，通过向您展
24、示一个有更强更专业化的经销活动。而实际上，通过向您展示一个等待我们未开发的巨大市场，我想我已实现了目标。等待我们未开发的巨大市场，我想我已实现了目标。”第30页/共58页例3：行动 “我的建议已告诉诸位。时间已刻不容缓。如果我们想我的建议已告诉诸位。时间已刻不容缓。如果我们想避免灾难，那就必须立即行动。要想保证公司未来的繁荣，避免灾难，那就必须立即行动。要想保证公司未来的繁荣，希望各位不要再迟疑，行动起来希望各位不要再迟疑，行动起来!”例4：选择 “在我看来，我们有三种选择：或者接受工会最后通牒；在我看来，我们有三种选择：或者接受工会最后通牒；或者争取时间考虑我们的立场；或者采取最后行动。或者
25、争取时间考虑我们的立场；或者采取最后行动。”例5：灌输忧患 “所以，女士们，先生们，如果我们不能在下季度将销所以，女士们，先生们，如果我们不能在下季度将销售额提高售额提高1010，并保持这一增长水平一两年，那么我们公，并保持这一增长水平一两年，那么我们公司将面临倒闭的危险。司将面临倒闭的危险。”第31页/共58页5.Putting it all togetherClassic presentation structure Introduction outline main parts summary conclusion第32页/共58页Assessment form for presenta
26、tion before the presentationDefine the audienceClarify the objectives/purposePlan the contentDesign suitable visual aidsControl the lengthFollow a clear structureSummary and conclusion第33页/共58页During the presentationKeep eye contact with the audienceDont rush(remember to pause)Articulate clearly and
27、 project your voice第34页/共58页III.Special speaking situations 1.Manuscript speaking Use“spoken style”Write and edit Prepare the manuscript 2.Impromptu speaking Anticipate Keep your remarks short Organize as well as you can Relate to experience 第35页/共58页3.Team presentations Organize as a whole Provide
28、content transitions between speakers Use visual aids consistently Rehearse and deliver as a group Answer questions consistently 4.Media and telecommunications Preparing in advance Using audio devices Being on camera 第36页/共58页EXERCISE:Prepare a short presentation to last five minutes.Your audience ar
29、e your classmates,and the subject matter is about something that you have a deep interest in or about which you hold a strong conviction.第37页/共58页IV.The right kind of languageChecklistEye contactLanguage complexity sentence length use of pause impersonalManner open or closed?interested?第38页/共58页Lang
30、uage focus:Delivery and styleTempo:vary the speed and pause from time to timeVolume:dont shout or murmur Expressiveness:vary the pitchArticulation:dont rush,be clear,practice key words beforehand,Sentence length:avoid readingStyle:natural English,no written English,formal vs.informalLinkers:guide th
31、e audience;help vary the pace of your presentationEmphasizers:exaggerate a little to help get your message across more persuasively.第39页/共58页V.Visual aidsChecklist1.dont use visuals to repeat what you can say with words.2.dont overcrowd visuals with too much information.3.pay attention to the sizes,
32、fonts and colors of the words.4.pay attention to structure and difference between different levels of the structure5.dont read from visuals第40页/共58页Make these sentences transitive.1.Our salaries have remained constant for five years.The company _ salaries at the same level.2.The temperature in the b
33、uilding has fallen.The caretaker _the temperature in the building.3.Interest rates have risen over the last two weeks.Banks _ their interest rates.4.Production has stayed the same for some time.The company _ production at the same level.5.The average age has decreased in the company.Recruiting polic
34、y _ the average age.第41页/共58页We often use noun phrases instead of verbs to describe trends.For example:Prices have risen considerably.There has been a considerable rise in price.Change the following sentences to include a noun phrase.a.The market has expanded slightly.b.Prices are going to fall dram
35、atically.c.Our export sales collapsed suddenly.d.Sales are increasing steadily.e.Salaries have dropped gradually.f.Profits will certainly rise significantly.第42页/共58页VI.Body language version 1 version 21.General appearance2.Stance and posture3.Hands position4.Hands gestures5.Eye contact6.Facial expr
36、ession7.Movement 第43页/共58页Underline the expressions in these extracts which are strongly emphasized.a.These cost cuts are going to cause considerable pain.b.We need to draw up a plan of action.I have put some ideas on the board.c.These are some of the measures we could consider.There are broadly thr
37、ee approaches.d.First,we could accept the cuts and reduce staff drastically.Secondly,we could fight and hope to achieve some reduction in the level of the cuts.Or thirdly,and this is what I support,we could put forward an alternative proposal.Now,this would mean.第44页/共58页Language focus:emphasizing a
38、nd minimizingEmphasizing Minimizing extremely it seems.absolutely it pletely justentirely a bitfairly perhapsreasonably tend toquite to some extent第45页/共58页Emphasize the message.a.This has been a good year.b.We have had a difficult time.c.We have seen a disastrous decline in our profits.d.It was eas
39、y to achieve our objectives.e.The announcement was unexpected.f.Ive got some bad news.第46页/共58页Complete these sentences with words that minimize the message.a.We _ see things differently._ your experience is _ limited.b._,youre right.But _ we _ consider the long-term view.c.Theres _ time._ we _ disc
40、uss this question now.第47页/共58页第三节 演讲语言的运用技巧一、语言表达的三个基本要求 准确精炼 上口入耳 形象生动 （如“望梅止渴”）比喻 （林肯的著名演讲裂开的屋子）引用设问反问排比第48页/共58页The use of your voiceIs your voice boring?Do you speak in a monotone,or vary your pitch?Is the speed of your delivery constant?Varied?Do you drop your voice at the end of a sentence?Is
41、 your breathing right?Do you run out of breath in the middle of a sentence?(Ita probably too long then!)How do you make a point or emphasize a key issue?Do you raise your voice?Do you speak more slowly?More quickly?Do you repeat it?Do you use long words?Short words?Long sentences?Why?When?Are your w
42、ords within the vocabulary of your audience?Do they understand you?After your next presentation,ask a friend in the audience for constructive feedback on the above points.第49页/共58页二、有声语言的运用技巧声音重音 “我请你吃饺子”“我的猫坐在席子上”“我没说他偷了我的书”吐字第50页/共58页二、有声语言的运用技巧语气语调爱的感情：“气徐声柔”，漫和感憎的感情：“气促声硬”，挤压感悲的感情：“气沉声缓”，迟滞感喜的感情
43、：“气满声高”，跳跃感惧的感情：“气提声凝”，紧缩感急的感情：“气短声促”，紧迫感怒的感情：“气粗声重”，震动感疑的感情：“气细声粘”，踌躇感 第51页/共58页二、有声语言的运用技巧停顿 语法停顿 逻辑停顿 “养猪大如山老鼠头头死”我们的目的一定要达到 我们的目的一定能够达到 心理停顿节奏（轻快型，持重型，高扬型，复合型）第52页/共58页Your body languageDo you talk to the audience,or to the screen behind you?Do you actively seek eye contact with specific members
44、 of the audience?Do you sweep over them or fix them beadily in the eye?Do you know who the decision makers are,and speak primarily to them?Do you tend to concentrate on looking to the right or left,to the front or back of the audience?Are your gestures congruent with your message?Too exaggerated?Are
45、 you too stiff?Do you have any distracting mannerisms?Are your movements simple?Or do you pace like a caged tiger?Are you natural?Are you yourself?Do you create barriers between you and your audience?第53页/共58页三、身体语言的运用技巧：表情眼神 看着听众说话 与听众的目光进行实在性接触 多种眼神并用 身体姿态、手势第54页/共58页演说技能自我评估 评价标准：非常不同意非常不符合(1分)不同
46、意/不符合(2分)比较不同意比较不符合(3分)比较同意比较符合(4分)同意/符合(5分)测试问题：(1)我在整个演讲过程中眼睛同听众保持接触(2)我的身体姿态很自然，没有因为紧张而做作(3)我能运用基本的手势来强调我的要点(4)我运用停顿、重复和总结来强调我的观点(5)我每次演说前都会确定具体的目标(6)我会对听众的需求、忧虑、态度和立场进行分析(7)在组织思路时我会先写下几个主要的论点(8)我会特意准备一个颇具吸引力的开场白(9)我演讲的结尾会呼应开头，且必要时能要求听众采取行动 (10)我制作的投影片简明扼要，有助于达到演讲目标第55页/共58页演说技能自我评估 (11)我的论点、论据之间
47、有内在的逻辑联系，有助于支 持我的主张(12)我会把紧张、焦虑转换为热情和动力(13)我会清楚地叙述我的观点对听众的好处与利益(14)我会热切、强烈地讲述我的观点(15)我会事先演练，以免过分地依赖讲稿，而集中注意 听众的反应(16)我的演讲稿只写关键词，以免照本宣科(17)我会预测听众可能会提的问题，并且准备相应的回答(18)我的声音清楚，语速适中，富有感染力(19)我会有意识地运用语音、声调和语速来表示强调(20)演讲前我会检查场地及相应的设施(21)准备演讲时，我会估计将会遭到的反对意见(22)整个演讲过程我会充满自信(23)演讲前我会检查我的衣着打扮是否得体第56页/共58页演说技能自我评估 自我评价如果你的总分是：105115 你具有优秀演讲者的素质98104 你略高于平均水平，有些地方尚需要提高98以下 你需要严格地训练你的演说技能选择得分最低的6项，作为本部分技能学习提高的重点 第57页/共58页感谢您的观看。第58页/共58页