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1、行文格式Manuscript Form学习写作,应明确什么是好的行文格式。在标题的写法、纸边留空、段落开端的缩进、大写、词的移行等方面,都应遵照通行的规章。写作要细致、认真,还要尽可能避开错误。写好后还要认真检查。4.1 标点Punctuation在我们日常写作中,标点符号的使用也是一个重要的环节。正确地使用标点符号可以帮助明确或强调句子的意思,因而学会各种标点符号的使用方法是格外必要的。4.1.1 逗号(,)(Comma)逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。例如 : When she came,1 was busy washing my coat.当她来的时候,我正忙着洗衣服。当你说完came 后
2、稍停了一下,那也就是把这个句子写出来时该打一个逗号的地方。但有时由于句子构造的需要也用逗号,即使在没有停顿的地方也一样。4.1.1.1 在并列句中连词 yet,but,or,for,so,nor,and 等的前面用逗号。例如: She asked the question in a loud voice,but no one answered.她很大声地问问题,但是没有人答复。 She was tired,and she decided to have a rest她太累了,于是打算休息一下。 Hurry up,or youll miss the plane 快点,要不然你会误了飞机。 She
3、 couldnt go to the park to meet him,nor could she send anyone instead of her 她不能去公园见他,但也找不到别人代替她。 It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet昨天晚上确定是下雨了,由于地面湿了。 He is a clever boy,yet you cant help liking him 他是一个聪明的男孩,你会情不自禁地宠爱他。假设两个或两个以上的并列从句在句式上都很简短,意思上又严密相连,那么它们之间可以不用连词而只用逗号。例如: A memoir
4、 is history,it is based on evidence上面这种逗号的用法属于特别状况,在文学作品中有时可以见到。 E. M. Forster4.1.1.2 假设短语或状语从句被放置在句子的主语前面,或放在句子中间时,后面应当用逗号。例如: When the bell rang, the children rushed out of the classroom.铃声一响,孩子们就冲出了教室。 In the ancient palace, they saw the throne where emperors used to sit.在古代的宫殿里,他们看到过去国王坐过的宝座。 To
5、 see the importance of this road, one has to look at a map.了解这条路的重要性,就要看一看地图。 Born and brought up in the South, she is not used to eating wheat 她生长在南部,不习惯吃小麦。 The audience,interested in the topic, asked the speaker many questions 对这个话题感兴趣的那些听众,问了演讲者很多问题。如主语前的状语成分很短,其后可不加逗号,固然也要考虑避开造成误会。例如: On hearin
6、g the big noise I knew something terrible had happened.听到这么大的吵闹声,我知道确定出了什么糟糕的事情。 In one corner of the hall they found the injured dog.在大厅的一个角落,他们觉察了那条受伤的狗。假设主要从句在前,状语成分在后,逗号一般要被省去。例如: Youll be unable to finish the work in time if you dont start at once 假设你不马上开头的话,你就不能按时完成工作了。 I was trying to reach h
7、er by phone when she walked into my office 当她走进我办公室的时候,我刚要打 找她。 He found the document in one of the drawers of his desk 他觉察那份文件在他书桌的一个抽屉里。4.1.1.3 一组作用一样的词或短语在一起使用时要用逗号分开。例如: She buys beer, milk, vegetables, and many other things from this supermarket她在超市里买啤酒,牛奶,蔬菜和其他一些东西。在不会造成误会的状况下,连词前面的逗号可省略。4.1.1
8、.4 非限定性定语从句或短语和句子的主要局部之间要用逗号隔开。例如: Zhang Hua, who is the best student of the class,will go to a famous college.班上最精彩的学生张华要上一所名牌大学。 He had to leave his hometown, where he had 1ived ever since he was born.他不得不离开他生长的家乡。 Mr. Li, the new chairman of the department, will speak at the meeting.这个部门的任主席李先生,将
9、在会上发言。 An old lady, nodding and smiling, invited us in.一位老妇人,点头微笑着邀请我们进去。假设是限定性定语从句和短语则不需要用逗号分开。例如: This is the house where the famous poet was born.那位著名的诗人就诞生在这座房子里。 The young man who is talking with the foreign reporters is the headmaster of the school.那位正和外国人谈话的年青人是学校的校长。4.1.1.5 插入语的前后需用逗号分开。例如:
10、The director, in fact, has done very little work.事实上,主任只做了很少的工作。 Your work, Im sorry to say, is not satisfactory.我很内疚地说,你的工作并不令人满足。4.1.1.6 逗号也常常消灭在以下句子中。例如: Yes, I do.是的。 No, I dont think so.不,我不这样想。 She is the new student, isnt she?她是个学生,不是吗? The meeting will hold on January 25, 2023.会议将在 2023 年 1
11、月 25 日召开。 He said, “It is a fine day today.”他说:“今日天气不错。” “It is a fine day today,” he said.“今日天气不错,” 他说。 “Today,” he said, “is a fine day.”“今日,”他说到,“天气不错。” This factory produced 830,000 bicycles last year.去年这个厂生产了 830,000 辆自行车。写日期时,如次序是月、日、年,那么逗号要加在日和年之间。假设次序是日、月、年, 就不需要加逗号。例如: He was born on March
12、15, 2023.他是 2023 年 3 月 15 日诞生的。 He was born on 15 March 2023.他是 2023 年 3 月 15 日诞生的。千以上的数字可用逗号按千数把数字分开,也就是从右至左每三个数字后加一个逗号。例如:19,087123,654,085另外有一点需要留意,英文中不用顿号(、)。中文用顿号的地方英文可以用逗号。4.1.2 句号(.)(Period)句号用在陈述句、语气舒缓的祈使句和间接引语问句之后。例如: Many people get up late on Sunday.很多人星期日起床都很晚。 Learn to use the punctuati
13、on marks.学习使用标点符号。 He asked how the semicolon should be used.他问应当如何使用分号。句号表示句子末尾的停顿。如连续往下写的话,下一个词的首字母就该大写,由于这意味着又一句话的开头。省略词一般加句号。例如:U.S.Aa.m.Dr.Mr.Mrs.Ms.在一些省略词后不加句号,尤其是在团体、通讯社和播送电台的名称后面。例如:BBCNBCNATOUNUNESCOYMCA4.1.3 省略号(.)(Ellipsis)稍稍分开的三个句号就构成了省略号,表示在引语中省略了一个或更多的词。试比较以下两句:例 1. The descriptions of
14、 appropriate usage are based on the dicta of recognized authorities; onmy own experience as reader, writer, teacher, linguist, editor, and observer of the linguistic scene; and occasionally, simply on my own preferences and prejudices.假设将其中的一局部词省略,就可写成这样: 例 2. The descriptions of appropriate usage a
15、re based on the dicta of recognized authorities; onmy own experience as reader, writer, teacher.; and occasionally simply on my own preferences and prejudices.这样的三个稍稍分开的句号(.)有时也表示说话停顿或迟疑。例如: “ How about you?”“你呢”? “ I dont know.your word.”“我不太明白你的意思。”如在一句话的末尾用省略号,后面还得加句号。这样一来,四个句号就用在一起了。例如: “ What d
16、o you mean?”“你什么意思”? “ Im sorry.”“我很内疚”4.1.4 分号(;)(Semicolon)4.1.4.1 两个并列从句之间如不用连词(and,but,or,nor,for,so,yet),也可用分号。 例如: No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned.没有人诞生就具备学问,学问是后天被教授和学习的。 If she married that man,her parents would be unhappy; if she left him,she herself woul
17、d be unhappy.假设她嫁给了这个男人,她的父母会不愉快;假设她离开他,她自己又会不愉快。上面所给出的每一句都可以分成两个独立的句子并且不转变原意。但连成一句使两局部的联系比分成两句时要严密一些。分号的主要功能便是表示意思相关的句子之间的联系。有些起联系作用的副词,如however,therefore,hence,nevertheless,moreover,thus, otherwise,besides 等,是不应当用作连词来联系并列从句的。在它们之前应用分号而不是逗号。例如: She planned to go with them on the trip; however ,her
18、sons sudden illness prevented herfrom leaving home.她打算和他们一起出行;但是她儿子突然得病了,使她无法离开。 Buses are always crowded; hence he prefers to cycle.公共汽车总是很拥挤,因此他更宠爱骑自行车。 The invention brought him fame; moreover, it brought him money 这项制造不但给他带来了声誉也给他带来了金钱。在上面各句中,分号都不行以用逗号来代替。有的人在so 和 yet 前用分号而不用逗号,那是由于他们认为这两个词是副词。4
19、.1.4.2 假设从句内已有标点,即使句中有连词照旧应当用分号。例如: Unfortunately, he couldnt come; and his absence made things difficult for us.很圆满他不能来,他的缺席给我们带来了很大的困难。 Before she came, we had expected her to help us; but when she was with us, she didnt domuch.她来之前,我们都期望她能帮我们;但她来了之后并没做什么。4.1.4.3 假设假设干个工程内已有逗号,可用分号将各项分开。例如: On the
20、 committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhang, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Zhao,editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau of Culture.4.1.4.4 假设一个从句内带有省略局部,可用分号把它和别的从句联系起来;省略处有时可以用逗号标出。例如: There are four
21、 winners in their university; in our university, none.他们学校有四位冠军,而我们学校一个也没有。4.1.5 冒号(:)(Colon)4.1.5.1 冒号可以用来引出解释语、小结局部或同位语。例如: Three causes have been given for the failure : poor planning, insufficient manpower, and the shortage of material.失败的三个缘由是:打算不周、人力缺乏、材料短缺。4.1.5.2 冒号用于引语或陈述句之前。例如: My grandpa
22、often mentions one saying by Confucius :“To say you know when you know,and to say you do not when you do not, that is knowledge.”我爷爷常常提起孔子说过的一句话:“知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。”4.1.5.3 在表示时间时冒号可以用来区分小时与分钟,还可以表示赛事的比分,可以在事务性的信件中放在称呼之后,可在演讲稿中放在对主席和听众的称呼之后。例如: The plane leaves at 1116 p.m.飞机晚 1116 起飞。 China beat Japa
23、n 30 in the womens volleyball tournament.在女子排球锦标赛中,中国队 30 战胜日本队。 Dear Mr. Brown:(在个人信件中逗号更常见) Ladies and gentlemen:4.1.6 问号(?)(Question Mark)4.1.6.1 问号用于直接问句之后,但间接问句后不用问号。例如: Are you a student?你是学生吗? Whats in your big box?你的大箱子里面是什么? He asked, “Where are you going?”他问到,“你要去哪里?” She asked me where I
24、had put her book.她问我把她的书放在哪里了。4.1.6.2 陈述句和祈使句被用作问句时,句末也要加问号。例如: You read the book for us this morning?今日早晨是你为我们读书吗? Five yuan is enough?五元钱够了吗?4.1.6.3 一个问句中涉及很多工程时,各项之后都可以使用问号。例如: Did he bring milk? butter? beef? eggs?他带牛奶,黄油,牛肉和鸡蛋了吗?每个名词后面都有一问号来表示停顿,加重了对各项进展提问的语气。4.1.6.4 放在括号中的问号表示不能确定它前面的那个词、数字或日期
25、的准确性。例如: The author of the book was born in 1026(?) and died in 1106.这本书的作者生于 1026 年(?)死于 1106 年。4.1.7 感慨号(!)(Exclamation Mark)4.1.7.1 感慨号用于感慨句以及抒发某种猛烈感情的感慨词或短语之后。例如: Help! Help! A boy has fallen into the river!救命!救命!有个男孩掉到河里了! “Get out!” he cried.“出去!”他叫喊到。 How beautiful the girl is!这个女孩多秀丽啊! Oh! W
26、hat a strange hat!哦!多么惊异的帽子!感慨号不宜使用过多。语气舒缓的不猛烈的感慨句之后,可以用逗号或句号。例如: Hi, dont worry about it.嗨,不要担忧。 “What a fine day,” she said.“今日天气真好,”她说道。4.1.7.2 有时在表示愿望的口号之后也使用感慨号。例如: Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁!4.1.8 单引号和双引号( 或“ ”)(Quotation Marks)4.1.8.1 不管是在对话还是引文中,直接引语的两端用双引号。引语中的引用则用单引号
27、。例如: “ Will you go to school with me?” he asked his sister.“你打算和我一起去学校吗?”他问他的姐姐。 “ Yes, I do,” she answered.“是的,我情愿,”她答复到。 Why did parents permit their children to work in mines and factories? In answering thisquestion, the author says that there was usually nothing else to do, “except to starve.”为什
28、么父母会允许自己的孩子去矿山和工厂里面做工呢?作者答复这个问题时说,是由于“除了挨饿”通常没什么事情可做。 “What do you mean by evolutionary mechanism?” one of the students asked.“你所说的进扮装置是什么意思?”一个学生问到。4.1.8.2 有一点要留意的是,间接引语不用引号。例如: The author writes that the reason why parents permitted their children to work in mines and factories was that there was
29、usually nothing else to do, except to starve.作者写到父母们允许自己的孩子去矿山和工厂做工的缘由是由于除了挨饿就没有其他的事情可做。4.1.8.3 记录两人或多人的谈话时,每个人说的话以及与动词有关的描写,不管长短,都应自成一段。例如: “Did you go to the zoo yesterday?” she asked her son, smiling.“你昨天去动物园了吗?”她微笑着问她的儿子。 “Yes,I did,” he said “I had a good time there.”“是的,我去了,”他说,“我玩得很快活。” “Im s
30、ure you saw the pandas.”“我想你确定看到熊猫了。” “Of course. But there was such a crowd around them that I couldnt get close enough to see them clearly,” he said with a sigh. “固然。但是那里围的人太多了,我无法到近处去看清楚,”他叹息着说。4.1.8.4 文章、短篇故事、短诗及歌曲等的题目和书中各章节的题目,用引号标出。但书刊名称应用斜体字或下划线标明。例如: The China Daily carries an interesting ar
31、ticle today: “How to Improve Your English”今日中国日报登载了一篇好玩的文章:如何提高你的英文水平。 “Life in the Cave,” one of the chapters of My Adventures, is very interesting.“岩洞里的生活”,是我的冒险活动中的一章,格外好玩。4.1.8.5 意义特别的词有时用引号标明。例如: Pointing to a small desk in a corner of the room, he said, “My headquarters is there.”他指着屋子角落里的一张小书
32、桌说,“那就是我的司令部了。”4.1.8.6 引号和其他标点符号协作使用时,美国的通行方法如下: 句号和逗号放在引号之内。例如: “Tom,” she said, “Ive lost my bag.”“汤姆,”她说,“我丢了我的包。” “Great Wall is like a dragon,” he said.“长城就是一条龙,”他说道。冒号和分号放在引号之外。例如: First he talked about the “impressionism”; then he discussed “postmodernism.”首先,他谈到了“印象派”;然后他又提到了“后现代主义”。 This di
33、ctionary gives a brief explanation of “postmodernism”: a style of building, decoration, art, etc., which uses an unusual mixing of old and new forms.这本字典对“后现代主义”做了一个简要的说明: 它是建筑、装饰、美术等的一种风格。 它是旧艺术形式的奇异结合。破折号、问号和感慨号,如只是与引语有关,放在引号之内;如与整个句子有关,则放在引语之外。例如: He asked, “What does postmodernism mean?”他问,“后现代主
34、义是什么意思?” What is the meaning of the “impressionism”?“印象派”是什么意思? “Stop! Stop!” he cried.“停!停!”他喊到。4.1.9 圆括号 和方括号 (Parentheses & Brackets)4.1.9.1 一般插入性的、补充性的或注释性的词语用圆括号(Parentheses)来标明。例如: Bai Juyi(772 846)was a great poet of the Tang Dynasty.白居易(772 846)是唐代一位著名的诗人。 A PLO(Palestinian Liberation Organi
35、zation)delegation is to visit China next month.巴解组织代表团下月访问中国。 He is learning two courses(Linguistics and Grammar)this semester.这学期他学两门功课(语言学和语法)。4.1.9.2 用来表示具体工程的数字或字母一般放在圆括号中。例如: Thewordrevolutionmeans(1)agreat,suddensocialandpoliticalchangeby force;(2)circular movement round a fixed point.revoluti
36、on 一词的意思是(1)一场浩大的、突然的社会政治的强行变革;(2)围绕一点的圆周运动。4.1.9.3 括号用来标出引语中引用者加的改正或说明局部。例如: He wrote: “One great poet of the Song Dynasty Su Shisaid that in Wang Weis poetrythere was painting and in his pain-tings there was poetry.”他写道:“宋朝著名诗人苏轼说在王维的诗中有画,画中有诗。”4.1.9.4 假设圆括号中还需用括号,则用方括号(Brackets)代替圆括号。例如: William
37、Strunk Jr. andE. B. White wrote a very useful little book for students learning to write(The Elements of Style New York: Macmillan, 1972).小威廉姆斯兰克和 E.B.怀特先生写了一部很有用处的书,是教学生如何写作的(文体要素纽约:Macmillan)。4.1.10 破折号()(Dash)4.1.10.1 在文章中破折号表示思想的中断或语气的转变。例如: She went through a lot of terrible ordeals in those ch
38、aotic years but who didnt?在那些动乱岁月中她患病了很多惨痛的熬煎但又有谁幸免了呢? He might do many good things for the people of the city if he was elected.他可能会为这个城市的人民做很多益事假设他中选的话。4.1.10.2 破折号用来表示没有说完或被打断的局部。例如: “My idea is ”“我的想法是” “You want to quit, dont you?”“你想退出,不是吗”?4.1.10.3 破折号也可以用来标出插入语。例如: Three countries Spain, Ita
39、ly and Hungary abstained.三个国家西班牙,意大利和匈牙利弃权了。4.1.10.4 破折号有时在一系列名词之后引出一个总结性的从句。例如: Father, Mother, John and Susan all were surprised by my announcement.爸爸,妈妈,约翰和苏珊都被我所宣布的事情惊呆了。4.1.10.5 在有些作品中可以看到作家在表达对话时用破折号来代替引号。例如: Where will you go tomorrow? 明天你去哪? I have no idea. 我不知道。4.1.10.6 破折号有时可用来标明副标题或作者。例如:
40、 The Growth of the Green Parties绿色组织的成长 A General Survey普查 We learn from history that men never learn anything from history我们从历史中生疏到:我们并未以史为鉴。4.1.11 斜线()(Slash)4.1.11.1 斜线表示两项皆可承受。例如: Hegel 黑格尔 This university provides scholarships andor loans.这个大学供给奖学金或者贷款,或两项都供给。 When students meet after the winte
41、r vacation ,they often ask each other, “How was your vacation / life at home?”当学生们寒假后相遇时常会彼此询问“你假期 / 在家过得怎么样”?4.1.11.2 在连续地抄写诗句时,可用斜线分开原来的诗行。例如: Be through my lips to unawakened earth / The trumpet of a prophecy! Oh, wind, / ifWinter comes, can Spring be far behind?”愿你从我的唇间吹出醒世的号角!西风哟,假设冬天已经来了,春天还会远
42、吗?4.1.11.3 在文章里面分数中的分子和分母用斜线分开。例如: A kilometer is 31 / 50 of a mile.一千米是 3150 英里。4.1.11.4 斜线有时表示“每”的意思。例如: Rent: 50 yuan / sq. m.房租按每平方米 50 元计算。4.1.12 斜体字和下划线(Italics and Underlining)在手写稿和打印稿中,下划线和印刷品中的斜体字功用是一样的。4.1.12.1 书籍、杂志、报纸、剧本、长诗、影片及歌剧的名称要用下划线或斜体来标明。例如: She reads China Daily every day.她每天都读中国日
43、报 Gone with Wind is one of his favorite novels.飘是他最宠爱的小说之一。4.1.12.2 英语中外来词应用下划线或斜体字标明。例如: There was a big kang in the room.屋里有一个大大的炕。 Did he say “la vie”? That is French.他是说“la vie”吗?那是法语。4.1.12.3 船只、飞机和艺术作品的名称一般用下划线或斜体字标明。例如: She sailed on the Changjiang River on board the Dongfanghong .她乘着东方红 2 号,
44、 航行在长江上。4.1.12.4 单独提及某一词或字母时,应用字下线或斜体字。例如: In the phrase “look forward to” to is a preposition.在短语look forward to 中 to 是一个介词。4.1.12.5 下划线或斜体字有时也可以用来表示强调。例如: What a man does is more important than what he says.一个人“做”了什么要比他说了什么更重要。Practice 4-1Directions:Punctuate the following sentences and use capita
45、ls where necessary:1. She was born on May 24 19792. She was born on 24 May 19793. I mean well I mean you neednt be involved in it4. Five students from Classwon prizes in the competition two from Class none from Class5. He asked where did you put my dictionary6. Did you go to the party yesterday she asked her brother7. Coordinate clauses are linked by 1 a comma and a conjunction 2 a semicolon and 3 a dash8. This