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1、n n 英语常用修辞手段英语常用修辞手段n n n n RhetoricRhetoric is an ancient branch of learning Rhetoric is an ancient branch of learning,founded by the Greek philosopher,founded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle(Aristotle(亚里士多德亚里士多德亚里士多德亚里士多德),so it has a history),so it has a history of more than two thousand years
2、 in of more than two thousand years in Europe.At first it dealt with the ways of Europe.At first it dealt with the ways of persuading people in conversation and persuading people in conversation and speech.Later the emphasis gradually speech.Later the emphasis gradually shifted from speech to writin
3、g.Generally shifted from speech to writing.Generally speaking,rhetoric is the art of effective speaking,rhetoric is the art of effective communication by means of language,communication by means of language,or more simply,it is the art of expressing or more simply,it is the art of expressing,by word
4、s,precisely what we mean.,by words,precisely what we mean.1 1n n Rhetoric and GrammarRhetoric and Grammarn n Rhetoric bases itself on grammar,but it is not Rhetoric bases itself on grammar,but it is not grammar.Grammar deals with the mutual relations of grammar.Grammar deals with the mutual relation
5、s of words in a sentence,while rhetoric deals with the choice words in a sentence,while rhetoric deals with the choice of words and the sentence structures in composition.of words and the sentence structures in composition.The former teaches us correct speech;the latter teaches The former teaches us
6、 correct speech;the latter teaches us better speech.Grammar is pre-requisite(us better speech.Grammar is pre-requisite(必要条件，必要条件，前提前提)of rhetoric.)of rhetoric.n n 2 2n n How to study RhetoricHow to study Rhetoric n n The first step should be to learn to The first step should be to learn to recognize
7、recognize the the most commonly-used devices of expression and most commonly-used devices of expression and analyze analyze the different effects they produce.To be able to do this,the different effects they produce.To be able to do this,it will not be enough merely to listen to a few lectures it wi
8、ll not be enough merely to listen to a few lectures or read some books on rhetoric.or read some books on rhetoric.ReadingReading good authors good authors with great care is necessary.The study of rhetoric in with great care is necessary.The study of rhetoric in theory should pave the way for its ap
9、plication in theory should pave the way for its application in practice.practice.n n 3 3 Chapter One.Figure of speech(修辞格；修辞修辞格；修辞手手段段)n n The value of figurative word(The value of figurative word(修饰性词汇的价值修饰性词汇的价值)n n Words used for what they suggest,in a sense not exactly Words used for what they s
10、uggest,in a sense not exactly literal,are called figurative expressions.When we call a literal,are called figurative expressions.When we call a distinguished person a distinguished person a star,star,the world a the world a stagestage,or the moon the,or the moon the lamp of nightlamp of night.We use
11、 the words star,stage and lamp of night.We use the words star,stage and lamp of night not in their literal sense,but with a fanciful(not in their literal sense,but with a fanciful(想象出来的想象出来的)application.Such language makes the thought more vivid and application.Such language makes the thought more v
12、ivid and more striking,and therefore attracts more of the readers more striking,and therefore attracts more of the readers attention.attention.n n 4 4n n Almost every notional(Almost every notional(表意的表意的)word has both a literal and a)word has both a literal and a figurative sense.The verbfigurative
13、 sense.The verb invent invent in“paper was invented in in“paper was invented in China”and“Watt invented the steam engine”is used literally;in China”and“Watt invented the steam engine”is used literally;in“When the teacher ask the boy why he had not come to the class“When the teacher ask the boy why h
14、e had not come to the class the day before,hethe day before,he invented invented an excuse”,and“Jim often an excuse”,and“Jim often inventsinvents a a story to amuse the children”.It is used in a figurative or unusual story to amuse the children”.It is used in a figurative or unusual sense.sense.n n
15、When a student speaks of When a student speaks of hammering away(hammering away(连续敲打连续敲打;刻苦刻苦钻研钻研)at his algebra,or says that he has just at his algebra,or says that he has just squeezed(squeezed(挤；压挤；压)throughthrough an examination in French,or that a date has an examination in French,or that a dat
16、e has slipped slipped his his n n 5 5n nmind,he is using a figure of speech.The expressions noted are mind,he is using a figure of speech.The expressions noted are clearly more vivid than if he were to say that he is studying hard clearly more vivid than if he were to say that he is studying hard at
17、 his algebra,or that he was barely passed the examination,or at his algebra,or that he was barely passed the examination,or forgotten the date.The general sense is the same in either case,forgotten the date.The general sense is the same in either case,but the language in the former instance suggests
18、 a livelier and but the language in the former instance suggests a livelier and more picturesque conception of the facts,and therefore attracts more picturesque conception of the facts,and therefore attracts and holds the bearers attention more certainly.and holds the bearers attention more certainl
19、y.n n Again,if we say “Imperialism is on its last legs”(Again,if we say “Imperialism is on its last legs”(奄奄一息；奄奄一息；快要结束快要结束).We intend the expression).We intend the expression on its(ones)last legs on its(ones)last legs to to mean mean near itsnear its death or enddeath or end.Such a figurative exp
20、ression will not.Such a figurative expression will not n n 6 6n n only express the literal truth of what we said,but will,by only express the literal truth of what we said,but will,by effective language,create a vivid image in the readers mind.effective language,create a vivid image in the readers m
21、ind.n n Figures of speech are of great use if they are not used to Figures of speech are of great use if they are not used to excess(excess(过度过度)and if they are not far-fetched()and if they are not far-fetched(强词夺理的；牵强强词夺理的；牵强附会的附会的).It would be bad taste to make every sentence figurative.).It would
22、 be bad taste to make every sentence figurative.Every figure we use must be natural and harmonious with the Every figure we use must be natural and harmonious with the idea it is intended to suggest.It should not be included in the idea it is intended to suggest.It should not be included in the sent
23、ence just to show ones ability to use it.A poor figure is sentence just to show ones ability to use it.A poor figure is much worse than a good literal expression.much worse than a good literal expression.n n 7 7n n Figures of speech are different kinds of figurative Figures of speech are different k
24、inds of figurative expressions.They are classified under three main headings,expressions.They are classified under three main headings,excluding minor figures.In this chapter the most important excluding minor figures.In this chapter the most important kinds of figures are given under each heading f
25、or reference.At kinds of figures are given under each heading for reference.At the present stage of our study we need not try to acquire the skill the present stage of our study we need not try to acquire the skill to use every one of them.It is enough that acquaintance with to use every one of them
26、.It is enough that acquaintance with them should help us to appreciate good literature at present and them should help us to appreciate good literature at present and to write better compositions in the future.to write better compositions in the future.n n 8 8.Figure of Likeness(相似修辞格相似修辞格)n n 1.Sim
27、ilen n Simile is an expression of comparison between two Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things.It is usually introduced by“as”or“like”different things.It is usually introduced by“as”or“like”and sometimes also by“asso”and sometimes also by“asso”，“than”and“resemble”“than”a
28、nd“resemble”as the signs(as the signs(标志标志标志标志)of comparison.)of comparison.n nThe best similes are those in which persons or things The best similes are those in which persons or things unlike in most respects are compared because they have unlike in most respects are compared because they have one
29、 point of likeness in appearance,qualities,or actions,or one point of likeness in appearance,qualities,or actions,or in the effects which they produce.An all-round likeness in the effects which they produce.An all-round likeness between two things will not offer a good simile,for the between two thi
30、ngs will not offer a good simile,for the comparison is literal,not figurative.To say comparison is literal,not figurative.To say a weak old mule a weak old mule is like a dying horse is like a dying horse does not give one any new idea about does not give one any new idea about the mule.But when one
31、 says that the mule.But when one says that n n 9 9n nthe capitalist system is like a dying horsethe capitalist system is like a dying horse,one is using simile to,one is using simile to good effect.More Examples:The party is like the sun.The good effect.More Examples:The party is like the sun.The bo
32、y looks like his father.boy looks like his father.n nBelow are some examples of simile:Below are some examples of simile:n n1.On National Day boys and girls are as happy1.On National Day boys and girls are as happy as crickets(as crickets(蟋蟀蟋蟀).).n n2.It is four degrees below zero this morning.The w
33、ind tears the 2.It is four degrees below zero this morning.The wind tears the flesh flesh like a sawlike a saw,cuts it like the blade of knife,stabs it,cuts it like the blade of knife,stabs it like a like a poisonous needlepoisonous needle,twists it,twists it like pliers(like pliers(钳子钳子)and burns i
34、t and burns it like firelike fire.n n3.As a man 3.As a man whispers,so the breeze makes a low,hissing(whispers,so the breeze makes a low,hissing(发嘶声发嘶声)sound.)sound.n n 10 10n n4.Learning4.Learning resembles scaling(resembles scaling(攀登攀登)the heights.)the heights.n nHere are some sentences from Jane
35、 Eyre:Here are some sentences from Jane Eyre:n n1.“Hold her arms,Miss Abbot:Shes1.“Hold her arms,Miss Abbot:Shes like a mad cat like a mad cat.”.”n n2.They had thrust(2.They had thrust(猛推猛推)me upon a stoolMy impulse()me upon a stoolMy impulse(冲冲动动)was to rise from it)was to rise from it like a sprin
36、g.like a spring.n n3 3I heard the rain still beating continuously on the staircaseI heard the rain still beating continuously on the staircase(楼梯楼梯)window,and the window howling in the grove()window,and the window howling in the grove(小树林小树林)behind the hall;I grew by degrees cold)behind the hall;I g
37、rew by degrees cold as a stoneas a stone,and then,and then my courage sank.my courage sank.n n 11 11n nHere the appearance of a girl is likened(Here the appearance of a girl is likened(把把比做比做)to)to a very mad cat;the action of rising at ones impulse,to a a very mad cat;the action of rising at ones i
38、mpulse,to a spring;and the effect of cold,to a stone.Such figurative spring;and the effect of cold,to a stone.Such figurative similes produced vivid,strong images in the readers similes produced vivid,strong images in the readers mind.mind.n nNote:The following expressions introduced Note:The follow
39、ing expressions introduced by“like”and“as”are not figurative,but literal.by“like”and“as”are not figurative,but literal.n n(1)A cat is like a tiger.(1)A cat is like a tiger.n n(2)A cat is as fierce as a tiger.(2)A cat is as fierce as a tiger.n n 12 12练习练习n n 人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些
40、修辞手段(Stylistic Devices or Figures of Speech)(Stylistic Devices or Figures of Speech)来说明问题，表示来说明问题，表示强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、使强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、使语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。修语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。修辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方式。辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方式。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。n n 一一.明喻明喻 Simile Simil
41、en n明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事物）两种不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（物）两种不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（as as,like,seem,as if(as though),like,seem,as if(as though)）等喻词与另一种具有相同特）等喻词与另一种具有相同特点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该对象点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该对象加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般都可加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般都可采用直译。采用直译。n n 13 13n n1.His face
42、was as grey as ashes.1.His face was as grey as ashes.他的脸死灰一般白。他的脸死灰一般白。n n2.Hes round and smooth and sharp.Hes more like a spear 2.Hes round and smooth and sharp.Hes more like a spear than anything else.than anything else.他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何东西都更象一支矛。东西都更象一支矛。n n3.I saw the master looking
43、about him as if he wishes to 3.I saw the master looking about him as if he wishes to impress upon his mind everything in the room.impress upon his mind everything in the room.我看到教我看到教师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记在心里。在心里。n n4.The hairs fell upon her,rippling and shining like a brown
44、4.The hairs fell upon her,rippling and shining like a brown waterfall.waterfall.头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波汶起伏，光彩照人。汶起伏，光彩照人。n n 14 14n n5.It looks like a terrible tiger.5.It looks like a terrible tiger.它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。n n6.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hea
45、r 6.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.him crow.他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌的公鸡。的公鸡。n n7.Despair settled down like a heavy cloud.7.Despair settled down like a heavy cloud.绝望的情绪象绝望的情绪象一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。n n8.It is a figure like a man.8.It is a figure like
46、 a man.它象一个人的体型。它象一个人的体型。n n9.Time flies like an arrow.9.Time flies like an arrow.光阴似箭。光阴似箭。n n10.I wandered lonely as a cloud.10.I wandered lonely as a cloud.我象一朵浮云象独自漫我象一朵浮云象独自漫游。游。n n 15 15n n除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：n n as white as snow as white as snow雪一样的白雪一样的白n n as merry as a lark as me
47、rry as a lark快乐得象云雀快乐得象云雀n n as brave as a lion as brave as a lion狮子一般勇敢狮子一般勇敢n n as busy as a bee as busy as a bee 忙得象只蜜蜂忙得象只蜜蜂 n n as timid as a mouse as timid as a mouse胆小如鼠胆小如鼠 n n as sly as a fox as sly as a fox狡诈如狐狸狡诈如狐狸 n n as black as a crow as black as a crow黑如乌鸦黑如乌鸦n n 但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，
48、才符合汉语但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，才符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：的表达习惯。例如：n n 16 16n n The moon was above,cold and beautiful,and the music The moon was above,cold and beautiful,and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers a
49、nd roses and clean thoughts and collars.things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.一轮一轮皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。n n再如：再如：n n as bitter as wormwood as bitter as wormwood苦似黄莲苦似黄莲n n as happy as a cow as happy as a cow快乐得象只百
50、灵鸟快乐得象只百灵鸟n nas bold as brass as bold as brass 脸皮厚得象城墙脸皮厚得象城墙n nas stupid as a gooseas stupid as a goose笨得象猪笨得象猪 n n 17 172.Metaphor(暗喻暗喻)n nA metaphor is an implied simile.It differs from a simile in A metaphor is an implied simile.It differs from a simile in that the comparison is implied,not expr