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1、第七章 数字调制技术本讲稿第一页,共七十二页Digital Data,Analog SignalTreat transmission and reception as digitizedAmplitude Shift Keying(ASK)Phase Shift Keying(PSK)Freq.Shift Keying(FSK)ExampleShort message(短信息)Modem(调制解调器)7.1 概述本讲稿第二页,共七十二页本讲稿第三页,共七十二页Modulation and demodulationsynchronizationdecisiondigitaldataanalogd
2、emodulationradiocarrieranalogbasebandsignal101101001radio receiverdigitalmodulationdigitaldataanalogmodulationradiocarrieranalogbasebandsignal101101001radio transmitter本讲稿第四页,共七十二页Digital Data to Analog Signals本讲稿第五页,共七十二页Modulation of digital signals known as Shift KeyingAmplitude Shift Keying(ASK,
3、幅移键控)very simplelow bandwidth requirementsvery susceptible to interferenceFrequency Shift Keying(FSK,频移键控)needs larger bandwidthPhase Shift Keying(PSK,相移键控)more complexrobust against interferenceDigital Data to Analog Signals本讲稿第六页,共七十二页 7.2 二进制数字调制二进制数字调制 7.2.1 二进制幅度键控(二进制幅度键控(2ASK)幅度键控是正弦载波的幅度随数字基
4、带信号而变化的数字调制。当数字基带信号为二进制时,则为二进制幅度键控。本讲稿第七页,共七十二页Generation of ASK SignalsSimplest method for binary ASK is to use a switch to gate the carrier on and off,driven by the data signal.本讲稿第八页,共七十二页Digital amplitude modulation by a binary signal is The modulating signal vm(t)is a normalized binary waveform
5、,where+1 V=logic 1 and 1 V=logic 0.ASK本讲稿第九页,共七十二页ASKFor logic 1 input,vm(t)=1 and Equation reduces toFor logic 0 input,vm(t)=-1 and Equation reduces to本讲稿第十页,共七十二页ASKOne binary digit represented by presence of carrier,at constant amplitude.Other binary digit represented by absence of carrier.本讲稿第十一
6、页,共七十二页Figure本讲稿第十二页,共七十二页ASKThe carrier is simply turned on or off.Digital amplitude modulation is also known as ONOFF Keying(OOK,开关键控).Low-quality,low cost,therefore,seldom used in high-capacity,high performance communications system.本讲稿第十三页,共七十二页ASK本讲稿第十四页,共七十二页ASK信号的功率谱信号的功率谱 由于二进制振幅键控信号是随机的、功率由
7、于二进制振幅键控信号是随机的、功率型的信号,故研究频谱特性时,应该讨论它的型的信号,故研究频谱特性时,应该讨论它的功率谱密度。功率谱密度。本讲稿第十五页,共七十二页 ASK信号的功率谱密度PE(f)是相应的单极性数字基带信号功率谱密度Ps(f)形状不变地平移至fc处形成的。ASK信号的功率谱密度由连续谱和离连续谱和离散谱两部分组成散谱两部分组成。ASK信号的功率谱信号的功率谱本讲稿第十六页,共七十二页ASK信号的带宽BASK是单极性数字基带信号带宽fs的两倍。当数字基带信号的基本脉冲是矩形不归零脉冲时,fs=1/Ts。于是ASK信号的带宽为BASK=2fs=2/TsASK信号的主要优点是易于实
8、现,其缺点是抗干扰能力不强,主要应用在低速数据传输中。ASK信号的带宽信号的带宽本讲稿第十七页,共七十二页ASK信号的功率谱密度示意图 本讲稿第十八页,共七十二页ASK信号的解调方法带通滤波器 整流器 低通滤波器 取样 判决器(a)包络检波定时脉冲带通滤波器 取样判决器 低通滤波器 相乘器(b)相干解调定时脉冲本讲稿第十九页,共七十二页在相同的信噪比条件下,相干解调法的误码性在相同的信噪比条件下,相干解调法的误码性能优于包络检波法的性能;能优于包络检波法的性能;在在大大信信噪噪比比条条件件下下,包包络络检检波波法法的的误误码码性性能将接近相干解调法的性能。能将接近相干解调法的性能。包包络络检检
9、波波法法存存在在门门限限效效应应,相相干干解解调调法法无无门限效应。门限效应。ASK信号的抗噪声性能信号的抗噪声性能本讲稿第二十页,共七十二页7.2.2 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)FSK has been the most widely used form of digital modulation until recently.simple to generate and detectinsensitive to amplitude fluctuations on the channeldistinct carrier frequencies represent
10、symbol states本讲稿第二十一页,共七十二页FSKCan be viewed as two,separate ASK symbol streams summed prior to transmission:本讲稿第二十二页,共七十二页FSK GenerationSwitch phase jumps本讲稿第二十三页,共七十二页FSKThe general expression for binary FSK is Where f=peak frequency deviation vm(t)=binary input modulating signal(1)f is proportiona
11、l to the amplitude.The modulating signal vm(t)is a normalized binary waveform,where+1 V=logic 1 and 1 V=logic 0.本讲稿第二十四页,共七十二页FSKFor logic 1 input,vm(t)=1 and Equation 12-2 reduces toFor logic 0 input,vm(t)=-1 and Equation reduces to本讲稿第二十五页,共七十二页FSK本讲稿第二十六页,共七十二页1 1 0 1FSK ExampleDataFSK Signal本讲稿第
12、二十七页,共七十二页BFSKfs=fc+f is called the mark frequency(传号频率),fm=fcf is called the space frequency(空号频率).Less susceptible to error than ASKUsed for high-frequency(3 to 30 MHz)radio transmission本讲稿第二十八页,共七十二页相位不连续的二进制移频键控信号的功率谱密度可以近似表示成两个不同载波的二进制振幅键控信号功率谱密度的叠加。相位不连续的二进制移频键控信号的时域表达式为BFSK信号的功率谱密度信号的功率谱密度本讲稿
13、第二十九页,共七十二页 根据二进制振幅键控信号的功率谱密度,我们可以得到二进制移频键控信号的功率谱密度P2FSK(f)为 相位不连续的二进制频移键控信号的功率谱由离散谱和连续谱所组成,离散谱位于两个载频fm和fs处;连续谱由两个中心位于fm和fs处的双边谱叠加形成;本讲稿第三十页,共七十二页Bandwidth of FSK本讲稿第三十一页,共七十二页Bandwidth of FSKThe minimum bandwidth to pass a FSK is where本讲稿第三十二页,共七十二页Bandwidth of FSKThe peak frequency deviation is gi
14、ven as本讲稿第三十三页,共七十二页Non-coherent FSK Detection本讲稿第三十四页,共七十二页FSKBinary FSK has a poorer error performance than PSK or QAM.Seldom used for high-performance digital radio systems.Low performance,low cost,asynchronous data modems本讲稿第三十五页,共七十二页7.2.3 Phase Shift Keying(PSK)1.Binary PSK(BPSK)BPSK(二进制相移键控)U
15、ses two phases to represent binary digitsPhases are separated by 180 degrees.Simple to implement,inefficient use of bandwidth.Very robust,used extensively in satellite communication.本讲稿第三十六页,共七十二页BPSK ExampleDataCarrierCarrier+pBPSK waveform1 1 0 1 0 1 本讲稿第三十七页,共七十二页本讲稿第三十八页,共七十二页Constellation Diagr
16、am(星座图)A constellation diagram,which is sometimes called a signal state-space diagram(信号状信号状态空间图态空间图),is similar to a phasor(向量)diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.Properties of Modulation Scheme can be inferred from Constellation Diagram.本讲稿第三十九页,共七十二页Truth Table(真值表)and Constellatio
17、n Diagram本讲稿第四十页,共七十二页2.Differential PSK(DPSK)DPSK(差分相移键控):it is about the problem of establishing a coherent reference at the receiver.Phase shift with reference to previous bitBinary 0 signal burst of same phase as previous signal burstBinary 1 signal burst of opposite phase to previous signal bur
18、st本讲稿第四十一页,共七十二页DPSKSimple receiver no carrier recovery mechanism and still good performance.logic 1 change of logic state from previous coded bitlogic 0”no change of state from the previous coded bit本讲稿第四十二页,共七十二页DPSK本讲稿第四十三页,共七十二页DPSK本讲稿第四十四页,共七十二页 PSK及及DPSK信号的功率谱密度信号的功率谱密度PSK与DPSK信号有相同的功率谱。PSK信号可
19、表示为双极性不归零二进制基带信号与正弦载波相乘,则PSK信号的功率谱为 一般情况下二进制移相键控信号的功率谱密度由离散谱和连续谱所组成,其结构与二进制振幅键控信号的功率谱密度相类似,带宽也是基带信号带宽的两倍。当二进制基带信号的“1”符号和“0”符号出现概率相等时,则不存在离散谱,如上式所示。本讲稿第四十五页,共七十二页PSK(DPSK)信号的功率谱密度本讲稿第四十六页,共七十二页7.3 二进制数字调制系统的性能比较二进制数字调制系统的性能比较 在数字通信中,误码率是衡量数字通信系统的重要指标之一,下面我们将对二进制数字通信系统的误码率性能、频带利用率、对信道的适应能力等方面的性能做进一步的比
20、较。1.误码率误码率 二进制数字调制方式有2ASK、2FSK、2PSK及2DPSK,每种数字调制方式又有相干解调方式和非相干解调方式。下表列出了各种二进制数字调制系统的误码率Pe与输入信噪比r的数学关系。本讲稿第四十七页,共七十二页表表1 二进制数字调制系统的误码率公式一览表二进制数字调制系统的误码率公式一览表 调制方式误码率相干调节非相干调节2ASK2FSK2PSK/2DPSK本讲稿第四十八页,共七十二页横向比较,对同一种数字调制信号,采用相干解调方式的误码率低于采用非相干解调方式的误码率。纵 向 比 较,在 误 码 率 Pe一 定 的 情 况 下,2PSK/2FSK/2ASK系统所需要的信
21、噪比关系为本讲稿第四十九页,共七十二页误码率Pe与信噪比r的关系曲线 本讲稿第五十页,共七十二页表表2 Pe=10-5时时2ASK、2FSK和和 2PSK所需要的信噪比所需要的信噪比 方式信噪比倍分贝2ASK36.415.62FSK18.212.62PSK9.19.6表表3r=10时时 2ASK、2FSK 方式误码率相干解调非相干解调2ASK1.2610-2 4.110-2 2FSK7.910-4 3.3710-32PSK3.910-6 2.2710-5 本讲稿第五十一页,共七十二页 2.频带宽度频带宽度 若 传 输 的 码 元 时 间 宽 度 为Ts,则 2ASK系 统 和2PSK(2DPS
22、K)系统的频带宽度近似为2/Ts,即 2ASK系统和2PSK(2DPSK)系统具有相同的频带宽度。2FSK系统的频带宽度近似为 大于2ASK系统或2PSK系统的频带宽度。因此,从频带利用率上看,2FSK系统的频带利用率最低。本讲稿第五十二页,共七十二页 3.对信道特性变化的敏感性对信道特性变化的敏感性在2FSK系统中,判决器是根据上下两个支路解调输出样值的大小来作出判决,不需要人为地设置判决门限,因而对信道的变化不敏感。在2PSK系统中,当发送符号概率相等时,判决器的最佳判决门限为零,与接收机输入信号的幅度无关。因此,判决门限不随信道特性的变化而变化,接收机总能保持工作在最佳判决门限状态。对于
23、2ASK系统,判决器的最佳判决门限为a/2(当P(1)=P(0)时),它与接收机输入信号的幅度有关。当信道特性发生变化时,接收机输入信号的幅度将随着发生变化,从而导致最佳判决门限也将随之而变。这时,接收机不容易保持在最佳判决门限状态,因此,2ASK对信道特性变化敏感,性能最差。本讲稿第五十三页,共七十二页在在恒恒参参信信道道传传输输中中,如如果果要要求求较较高高的的功功率率利利用用率率,则则应应选选择择相相干干2PSK和和2DPSK,而而2ASK最最不不可可取;取;如如果果要要求求较较高高的的频频带带利利用用率率,则则应应选选择择相相干干2PSK和和2DPSK,而,而2FSK最不可取。最不可取
24、。若若传传输输信信道道是是随随参参信信道道,则则2FSK具具有有更更好好的适应能力。的适应能力。本讲稿第五十四页,共七十二页7.4多进制数字调制系统多进制数字调制系统Binary FSK and BPSK are M-ary systems where M=2.The number of output conditions is expressed mathematically as Where N=number of bits encoded本讲稿第五十五页,共七十二页7.4.1 Four-level PSK(QPSK)Each element represents more than on
25、e bit.Multilevel Modulation Technique:2 bits per symbolMore spectrally efficient,more complex receiver.Two times more bandwidth efficient than BPSK本讲稿第五十六页,共七十二页QPSKTime Plot0O90O180O270O本讲稿第五十七页,共七十二页本讲稿第五十八页,共七十二页Figure The 4-PSK characteristics本讲稿第五十九页,共七十二页QPSKWith QPSK,each of the four possible
26、 output phasors has exactly the same amplitude.Distinguish PSK from QAM according to the characteristic.本讲稿第六十页,共七十二页7.4.2 8-PSK本讲稿第六十一页,共七十二页8-PSKThe angular separation between any two adjacent phasors is 45 degree,half what it is with QPSK.It can undergo almost a 22.5 degree.Gray code(格雷编码):the tr
27、ibit code(3比特组编码)between any two adjacent phases changes by only one bit.本讲稿第六十二页,共七十二页7.4.3 16-PSKThe angular separation between any two adjacent phasors is 22.5 degree,half what it is with QPSK.It can undergo almost a 11.25 degree.Susceptible to phase impairment,seldom used.本讲稿第六十三页,共七十二页Figure本讲稿
28、第六十四页,共七十二页MPSK“0”“1”“110”“000”“001”“011”“010”“101”“111”“100”“00”“11”“10”“01”QPSK(M=4)BPSK(M=2)8PSK(M=8)本讲稿第六十五页,共七十二页7.4.4 QAMQAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,正交幅度调制)is a combination of ASK and PSK.Two different signals sent simultaneously on the same carrier frequency本讲稿第六十六页,共七十二页Figure The 4-
29、QAM and 8-QAM constellations本讲稿第六十七页,共七十二页7.4.5 8-QAMThe output signal from an 8-QAM modulator is not a constant-amplitude signal.本讲稿第六十八页,共七十二页Figure Time domain for an 8-QAM signal本讲稿第六十九页,共七十二页7.4.6 16-QAM 本讲稿第七十页,共七十二页16-QAMITU-T,the first oneISO,the second one48=32本讲稿第七十一页,共七十二页7.4.7 MFSK 多进制频移键控带宽为多少?本讲稿第七十二页,共七十二页