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1、Lesson 1 Text Civil Engineering Civil engineering,the oldest of the engineering specialties,is the planning,design,construction,and management of the built environment.This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-lau
2、nching facilities.土木工程，这个最古老的工程专业，是指对被建设环境的规划、设计、建筑和管理。这个环境包括按科学原理所建的一切结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设备。Civil engineers build roads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals,schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concent
3、rations.They also build privately owned facilities such as airports,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,and other large structures designed for industrial,commercial,or residential use.In addition,civil engineers plan,design,and build complete cities and towns,and more recently have been planning and de
4、signing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师们修路、建桥、打隧道，建水坝，海港，发电厂，供水排水系统，建医院，学校，公共交通设施和其他公共设施实质上就是要建设现代化社会和大量人口集中地。他们也建设私有的设施，例如：机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，和其他大型建筑物，它们设计用于工业，商业和居住等用途。此外，土木工程师规划，设计和建设完整的城市和乡镇，近年来，已经在规划和设计空间平台来构建自给自足型社区。土木这个词来源于拉丁文，愿意是市民。1782年，英国人John Smeaton用这个术语将非军事工程工作从在当时占
5、绝大多数的军事工程师所人事的工程工作中区别开来。从那以后，土木工程这个词常常用于表示建设公用设施的工程师们所人事的工作，尽管这个领域要宽广得多。The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.In 1782,Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time.Since then,the te
6、rm civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities,although the field is much broader.Scope.Because it is so broad,civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties.Depending on the type of project,the skills of many kinds of civil enginee
7、r specialists may be needed.When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placementwater,sewer,and power lines.Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project.Environmental specialists study
8、the projects impact on the local area:the potential for air and groundwater(地下水地下水)pollution,the projects impact on local animal and plant life,and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.Transportation specialists determine what kind of fa
9、cilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project.Meanwhile(同时同时),structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs,plans,and specifications for the project.Supervising and coordinating the work of t
10、hese civil engineer specialists,from beginning to end of the project,are the construction management specialists.Based on information supplies by the other specialists,construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor,schedule all work,order materials and e
11、quipment for the job,hire contractors and subcontractors,and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.范围：范围：因为它的面太广，所以土木工程被分成许多技术专业。各专业的土木工程专家所需要的技能取决于工程项目的类型。当一个项目开始时，场地被土木工程师所测绘，他们给定给水排水设施和电力线路的实际位置。岩土工程专家们完成土壤实验来确定地基是否能承受工程项目的自重。环境专家们研究项目对当地的影响：潜在
12、的空气和地下水资源的污染，工程项目对当地动植物的影响，为满足保护环境的管理要求，怎样才能把工程项目设计好。运输专家确定需要什么设施来减轻由所完成的项目所引起的对当地道路和其他运输网络的压力。同时，结构专家用预备的数据为工程项目做出详细的设计、规划，和说明。从工程的开工到结束，建筑管理专家都监督和协调着上述这些土木工程师的工作。基于其他专家所提供的信息，建筑管理土木工程师估计所需的材料和人工的数据，对所有的工作提出计划，这各工序订购材料和设备，签订承包合同和转包合同，完成其他监督工作以确保工程按期按质地完成。Throughout any given project,civil engineers
13、 make extensive use of computers.Computers are used to design the projects various elements(computer-aided design,or CAD)and to manage it.Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining th
14、e best way to construct a project.对于任何一个给定的工程项目，土木工程师始对于任何一个给定的工程项目，土木工程师始终（终（将介词将介词throughout转译成副词转译成副词）都要充分利用计）都要充分利用计算机。用计算机来设计工程的各要素（计算机辅助设算机。用计算机来设计工程的各要素（计算机辅助设计计CAD）且用计算机来管理这个工程项目。对于现代）且用计算机来管理这个工程项目。对于现代土木工程师而言，计算机是必备的工具，因为它们允土木工程师而言，计算机是必备的工具，因为它们允许工程师高效地处理大量的用来制定工程最佳施工方许工程师高效地处理大量的用来制定工程最佳
15、施工方法的数据。法的数据。Structural engineering.In this specialty,civil engineers plan and design structures of all types,including bridge,dams,power plants,supports for equipment,special structures for offshore projects,the United States space program,transmission towers,giant astronomical and radio telescopes
16、,and many other kinds of projects.Using computers,structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist:its own weight,wind and hurricane forces,temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials,and earthquakes.They also determine the combination of appropriate materials
17、:steel,concrete,plastic,asphalt,brick,aluminum,or other construction materials.结构工程结构工程.在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。利用计算机，结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力：建筑物自重，风力和飓风力，温度变化而引起的建筑材料的热胀冷缩的应力，和地震力。他们也确定合适的材料组合方法：钢材，砼，塑料，沥青，砖，铝或其它建筑材料。Water resources engineeri
18、ng.Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water.Their projects help prevent floods,supply water for cities and for irrigation,manage and control rivers and water runoff(流量),and maintain beaches and other waterfront(市中河，湖)facilities.In addition,they design
19、and maintain harbors,canals(运河),and locks(水闸水闸),build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments（蓄水蓄水）of all kinds,help design offshore structures,and determine the location of structures affecting navigation.水资源工程：水资源工程：这个专业的土木工程师处理水物质管理的各个方面的工作。他们的工程项目帮助防洪，城市供水和灌溉，管理和控制河流和水流量，
20、且维护海滩和其它城市中的湖等设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河，和水闸，建筑巨大的水电坝和较小的水坝且蓄住各种水资源，帮助设计堤岸结构，确定导航结构的位置。Geotechnical engineering.Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior.They evaluate(估计，求估计，求值，评价值，评价)and work to minimize th
21、e potential settlement(沉降沉降)of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth.These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.岩土工
22、程：岩土工程：从事这个领域工作的土木工程师分析从事这个领域工作的土木工程师分析支承建筑物并影响结构特性的土壤和岩石的性质。支承建筑物并影响结构特性的土壤和岩石的性质。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。这些工程师也沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。这些工程师也计算和确定怎样加强边坡和充填物的稳定性，怎样计算和确定怎样加强边坡和充填物的稳定性，怎样保护建筑物使其免受地震和地下水的影响。保护建筑物使其免受地震和地下水的影响。Environmental engineering.In this branch of eng
23、ineering,civil engineers design,build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies,both on the surface and underground.They also design,build,and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air.These engineers bu
24、ild water and wastewater treatment plants,and design air scrubbers(空气滤清器空气滤清器)and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes,incineration(烧成灰，焚化烧成灰，焚化),or other smoke-producing activities.They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the constr
25、uction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances.In addition,the engineers design and manage sanitary(清洁的清洁的)landfills(垃圾埯埋法垃圾埯埋法)to prevent pollution of surrounding land.环境工程环境工程：在这个工程分支中，土木工程师设计，建造和监督提在这个工程分支中，土木工程师设计，建造和监督提供安全饮用水，防止和控制用于地表水和地下水资源的污染的系统。他供安全饮用水，防止
26、和控制用于地表水和地下水资源的污染的系统。他们也设计，制造和监督控制和减少胜用于空气和土地污染的工程项目。们也设计，制造和监督控制和减少胜用于空气和土地污染的工程项目。这些工程师建筑水和废水处理厂，设计空气滤清器和其它设备以便将来这些工程师建筑水和废水处理厂，设计空气滤清器和其它设备以便将来自于工业生产，焚烧或其它产生烟的活动的空气污染消除或减到最小的自于工业生产，焚烧或其它产生烟的活动的空气污染消除或减到最小的程度。他们也通过建设特殊的垃圾站或者是消除有毒有害物质，努力控程度。他们也通过建设特殊的垃圾站或者是消除有毒有害物质，努力控制有毒害的废物。此外，这些工程师们设计和管理垃圾清洁站，以免
27、污制有毒害的废物。此外，这些工程师们设计和管理垃圾清洁站，以免污染周围的土壤。染周围的土壤。Transportation engineering.Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods.They specialize in（擅长于）designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities,highways and stre
28、ets,mass transit（共公交通）systems,railroads and airfields,ports and harbors.Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic,political,and social factors in designing each project.They work closely with urban planners,since the quality of the community is d
29、irectly related to the quality of the transportation system.运输工程：从事这个专业的土木工程师建设公用设施保证人和物的安全有效的流动。他们擅长于设计和维护各种运输设施，公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路，机场，港口和海港。运输工程师在设计各个工程项目时，既应用科技知识，又考虑经济，政治和社会因素。他们与城市规划人员密切合作，因为社区建设的质量与运输系统的质量密切相关。Pipeline engineering.In this branch of civil engineering,engineers build pipelines and
30、related facilities which transport liquids,gases,or solids ranging from coal slurries（泥浆）(mixed coal and water)and semiliquid wastes,to water,oil,and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases.The engineers determine pipeline design,the economic and environmental impact of a projec
31、t on regions it must traverse,the type of materials to be used-steel,concrete,plastic,or combinations of various materials-installation techniques,methods for testing pipeline strength,and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported.When hazardous materia
32、ls are being carried,safety is a major consideration as well.管线工程：管线工程：在土木工程的这个分支专业中，工程师们建设管线和有关运送液体，气体，或煤泥浆（煤和水的混合物），半流体废品，水，油，和各种易燃和不易燃的气体的设施。工程师们进行管线设计，并估计管线项目对所跨区域的经济环境影响，确定各种要用的材料钢材，混凝土，塑料等，确定各种材料组合方法即安装技术，制定测试管线强度的方法，制定保持和控制被运送材料的合理流速和合适的压力。当运输有害物质时，主要还要考虑安全问题。Ranging from Ato B 涉及的范围从涉及的范围从A到
33、到BThe engineers determine pipeline design,impact of on,六个并列宾语六个并列宾语 the type of combinations methods for controls for Construction engineering.Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end.Sometimes called project engineers,they apply both technical and ma
34、nagerial skills,including knowledge of construction methods,planning,organizing,financing,and operating construction projects.They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work:the surveyors;workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps,excavate for the founda
35、tion,build the forms and pour the concrete;and workers who build the steel framework.These engineers also make regular(定期的)progress reports to the owners of the structure(业主，建设者业主，建设者).建筑工程：建筑工程：从事这个领域的土木工程师自始至终监从事这个领域的土木工程师自始至终监督着工程项目的建筑活动。有时被称为项目工程师，他们既督着工程项目的建筑活动。有时被称为项目工程师，他们既要应用技术技能，又要用管理技能，包括：
36、建筑方法，计划，要应用技术技能，又要用管理技能，包括：建筑方法，计划，金融，组织和工程讯息工期。事实上他们协调着从事这项工金融，组织和工程讯息工期。事实上他们协调着从事这项工作的每个人的活动，即以下人员的活动：测量员；设计和建作的每个人的活动，即以下人员的活动：测量员；设计和建筑临时道路和停车坪，挖基础，倒混凝土的工人们；建筑钢筑临时道路和停车坪，挖基础，倒混凝土的工人们；建筑钢框架的工人们。这些工程师们也定期向建设者框架的工人们。这些工程师们也定期向建设者(业主业主)报告工报告工程进度。程进度。Community and urban planning.Those engaged in thi
37、s area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city,or entire cities.Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration;environmental,social,and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements.These civil engineers coor
38、dinate planning of public works along with private development.They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed,including streets and highways,public transportation systems,airports,port facilities,water-supply and wastewater-disposal systems,public buildings,parks,and recreational and other facilities
39、to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.小区规划和城市规划小区规划和城市规划：从事土木工程这一领域工作的人们，在一个城市内规划和开发小区（社区），或者规划和开发整个城市，这种规划的内涵远不止工程建设方面的思考；土地和自然资源开发利用中的环境，社会和经济因素也是要思考的关键元素。这些土木工程师将公共工程公共工程连同私营开发一起进行协调规划，他们估计各种必备的设施，包括街道，公共运输系统，机场，港口设施，供水系统和废水处理系统，公共建筑，公园，娱乐和其它设施，以确保社会，经济和环境的健康发展。Photogr
40、ametry,surveying,and mapping.The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earths surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects.This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying,and computer-processing o
41、f photographic imagery.Radio signal from satellites,scans by laser and sonic beams,are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels,building highways and dams,plotting flood control and irrigation project,locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a con
42、struction project,and a host of other building uses.摄影测量，测绘：摄影测量，测绘：从事这个专业的工程师们精密测量地球的表面以获得工程项目设计从事这个专业的工程师们精密测量地球的表面以获得工程项目设计和施工中所需要的可靠的位置信息。这种活动常常包括高科技的方法：航和施工中所需要的可靠的位置信息。这种活动常常包括高科技的方法：航空，航天测量，照片图像的计算机处理。将来自于卫星，激光器扫描和声空，航天测量，照片图像的计算机处理。将来自于卫星，激光器扫描和声波束扫描所得到的无线电信号转换成地图，为掘隧道，建水坝，规划洪水波束扫描所得到的无线电信号转
43、换成地图，为掘隧道，建水坝，规划洪水控制和灌溉等工程项目提供较从前精密得多的测量数据，为对影响建设项控制和灌溉等工程项目提供较从前精密得多的测量数据，为对影响建设项目和大量在用建筑物的地下的地质构造进行定位而提供较以前精确得多的目和大量在用建筑物的地下的地质构造进行定位而提供较以前精确得多的测量数据。测量数据。Other specialties.Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to
44、the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.其它专业：其它专业：有两个附属专业，它有两个附属专业，它不完全属于不完全属于土木工程范围，土木工程范围，但对土木工程学科而言是但对土木工程学科而言是必不可少的必不可少的，它们是工程，它们是工程管理专业和工程教育专业。管理专业和工程教育专业。注：注：are not entirely within the scope of不完全属于不完全属于 are essential to 对对.必不可少的必不可少的 Engineering management.Many civ
45、il engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management.Others are able to start their careers in management positions.The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power,materials,machinery,and money.These engineers may work in gove
46、rnmentmunicipal,county,state,or federal;in the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers;or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations.They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.工程管理：工程管理
47、：许多土木工程师最终选择侧重于管理的职业。其他人一开许多土木工程师最终选择侧重于管理的职业。其他人一开始就有能力从事管理岗位的工作。土木工程师管理者将科技始就有能力从事管理岗位的工作。土木工程师管理者将科技知识与其组织和协调人力、材料，机械和资金等方面的能力结知识与其组织和协调人力、材料，机械和资金等方面的能力结合起来。这些工程师们服务于政府市政府，县政府，州政府，合起来。这些工程师们服务于政府市政府，县政府，州政府，联邦政府；他们还可以服务于美国军事部门的工程师军团，或联邦政府；他们还可以服务于美国军事部门的工程师军团，或服务于民间当民用工程的管理工程师；或服务于半自治区或城服务于民间当民用
48、工程的管理工程师；或服务于半自治区或城市当局；或服务于类似的组织；他们也可能管理规模从几个到市当局；或服务于类似的组织；他们也可能管理规模从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。数百个雇员的私营工程公司。Work in government in the U.S.or in semiautonomous 三个并列的介词短语做复合宾语。ranging in size from AtoB规模（大小）从A到BEngineering teaching.The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate（
49、研（研究生）究生）and undergraduate students（本科生）（本科生）in technical specialties.Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects,or on technical boards and commissi
50、ons associated with major projects.工程教育：选择教育职业的土木工程师们既教该专业的研究生也教本科生。许多从事教育的土木工程师从事一些基础研究工作，这些工作最终引起建筑材料和方法上的技术革新。许多也给工程项目当顾问，或给与主要工程项目相关的委员会或技术部门当顾问。注：serve as consultants on B 给B当顾问小结：从事的土木工程师In this specialty,civil engineersIn this specialty,civil engineersCivil engineers in this specialty do Civi