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1、语言迁移与英语学习第1页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。长江大学文理学院长江大学文理学院第2页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Wishing you happiness every day!第3页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三翻译欢迎光临 语言迁移与英语学习语言迁移与英语学习Three Parts 1.Language transfer（语言迁移）（语言迁移）2.Linguistic contrast（语言对比）（语言对比）3.English learning（英
2、语学习）（英语学习）第4页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Part OneLanguage Transfer:Interference or Facilitation?语言迁移：语言迁移：干扰还是促进？干扰还是促进？第5页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三What Is Language Transfer?Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been pre
3、viously acquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。奥德林 第6页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Two Types of TransferNegative Transfer (负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。Positive Transfer （正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two language
4、s can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。第7页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Negative Transfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)Causes:analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconscious falling back on the mother
5、tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯 Chinglish=English words+Chinese structure 汉语式英语=英语单词+汉语结构第8页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Native Language Transfer Does Exist.母语迁移现象确实存在The age of the learner:around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语第9页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Examples of Negative Transfer Phonologic
6、al transfer (语音迁移语音迁移)The sound/n/or/f/does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/or/h/serves as a substitute.在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。The writer likes writing at light.(night)他不怕死。He does not hear to die.(fear)第10页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Examples of Negative Transfer
7、He only eat two meal a day.2、他一天只吃两顿饭。Morphological transfer（词形迁移）（词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。(eats)(meals)我去年到北京去了三次。I go to Beijing 3 time last year.(went)(times)第11页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Examples of Negative TransferShanghai is said to have thirty-three
8、 million population.3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。Collocation transfer (搭配迁移搭配迁移)The noun renkou,the Chinese equivalent of population,can have a numerical pre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million.Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million peop
9、le.第12页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Examples of Negative TransferMeasures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich.4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。Word order transfer (词序迁移)东南西北 或迟或早 悲欢离合 衣食住行 废寝忘食 水陆交通 饥寒交迫 田径项目 生老病死 the rich and the poor 第13页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Examples of Negative TransferHe suggested me t
10、o accept this offer.5、他建议我接受这个报价。Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)The verb jianyi,jianyi,the Chinese equivalent of suggest,can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。He suggested that I(should)accept this offer.He suggested my(me)accepting this offer.第14页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三E
11、xamples of Negative Transfer 6.-Your English is wonderful.-Oh,no.My English is still poor.Pragmatic transfer(语用迁移)The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。-Your English is wonderful.-Thank you,but I still have a long way to go before I
12、really master it.第15页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Two Types of TransferNegative Transfer (负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。Positive Transfer （正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。We could turn negative transfer(interference)into positive(facilitation)by making analysis on differences between the two la
13、nguages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。第16页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三典型病句Typical Syntactic Errors第17页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三连串句 Loosely-linked Clauses The weather was fine,the party was held outdoors.（误）The weather
14、 was fine.The party was held outdoors.（正）The weather was fine,so the party was held outdoors.（正）As the weather was fine,the party was held outdoors.（正）第18页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三连串句 Loosely-linked Clauses Sometimes I come by train,sometimes I come by plane,usually I come by car.（误）Sometimes I come by tra
15、in.Sometimes I come by plane.However,usually I come by car.（正）Sometimes I come by train,and sometimes I come by plane,but usually I come by car.（正）I come sometimes by train,and sometimes by plane,but usually by car.（正）第19页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三残缺句 Incomplete Sentences I was born in the country,but grew
16、up,I wanted to go to live in town.（误）I was born in the country,but as I grew up,I wanted to go to live in town.（正）Those books on the desk.Have you seen?（误）Those books are on the desk.Have you seen them?（正）第20页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三悬垂句 Dangling Sentences At the age of eight,my mother taught me how to pla
17、y the piano.（误）My mother taught me how to play the piano when I was ten.（正）At the age of eight,I was taught how to play the piano by my mother.（正）第21页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三悬垂句 Dangling Sentences Standing at the top of this mountain,all other mountains looked small.（误）Standing at the top of this mountain
18、,I felt that all other mountains looked small.（正）As I stood at the top of this mountain,all other mountains looked small.（正）第22页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三错位句 Sentences with dislocated elementsIn desperation I could figure out what an ordinary man would do.（误）I could figure out what an ordinary man in desper
19、ation would do.（正）On the track,I saw a group of students running.（误）I saw a group of students running on the track.（正）第23页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三型误句 Sentences of misused patternsThe village head led us to build a wide road.（误）The village head led us in building a wide road.（正）She coached a student to pre
20、pare for English examinations.（误）She coached a student for English examinations.（正）She coached a student in preparing for English examinations.（正）第24页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三游移句 Inconsistent SentencesProf.Wang left the auditorium after the lecture was finished.（欠佳）Prof.Wang left the auditorium after he fi
21、nished his lecture.（较好）When we meet with difficulties,you should not lose confidence.（欠佳）We should not lose confidence when we meet with difficulties.（较好）第25页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三失衡句 Unbalanced SentencesHe is hard-working but lacks experience.（欠佳）He is hard-working but inexperienced.（较好）He works hard,b
22、ut lacks experience.（较好）We should judge a person not only by his words but also by what he does.（欠佳）We should judge a person not only by his words but also by his deeds.（较好）We should judge a person not only by what he says but also by what he does.（较好）第26页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三赘句 Verbose SentencesThere
23、is a river running through the city and dividing it into two parts.（欠佳）A river runs through the city and divides it into two parts.（较好）Lets return back to the main point of the discussion.（误）Lets return to the main point of the discussion.（正）Lets come back to the main point of the discussion.（正）第27页
24、，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三赘句 Verbose SentencesThe reason why he is going to visit the city of Beijing again is because he wants to have a close look around the Forbidden City.（误）He is going to visit Beijing again because he wants to have a close look around the Forbidden City.（正）The reason for his visiting
25、Beijing again is to have a close look around the Forbidden City.（正）第28页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Part TwoA Contrast A Contrast Between English and ChineseBetween English and Chinese英汉对比英汉对比第29页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrastive Study Comparative Study lays emphasis on the
26、 similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。第30页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三语义型与形态型语义型与形态型第31页，共90页，编辑于2022年，
27、星期三Please translate the following:不要人云亦云。Dont say what others have said.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。Whether you do the matter or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.支农惠农政策不断加强。Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture.必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。Measures must be taken to d
28、evelop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.第32页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Please translate the following:你再不起床，我要掀被子了。If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die,I would go and be a monk.第33页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Please compare the underlined wor
29、ds:不要人云亦云。这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。惠农政策不断加强。必须采取措施开发新能源。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。你死了，我去当和尚。Dont say what others have said.Whether you do it or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.Policies were constantly strengthened to benefit agriculture.Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources.If you shou
30、ld refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.If you should die,I would go and be a monk.Tense（时态）Voice（语 态）Mood（语气）第34页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Lacking inflection in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们认真的态度、认真地学习Retaining some inflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron
31、.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degreeChineseEnglish第35页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like reeling silk.I wont go so long as he does.他去我不去。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Although he has aged physically,he remains young at heart.If one has no long-te
32、rm considerations,he will find trouble at his doorstep.我来他已去。He had left when I arrived.(Condition 条件条件)(Contrast,Opposition 对照、转折对照、转折)(Time Order 时间先后时间先后)(Concession 让步让步)第36页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese语义型语言语义型语言(以意统形)Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coh
33、erence(隐性连贯)English形态型语言形态型语言(以形驭意)Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）第37页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三翻译欢迎光临Another Major DifferenceLook at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.第38页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from an
34、other perspective:*我的小孙子他很调皮。My little grandson is very naughty.*那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。You should have thrown away the clunker.The clunker should have been thrown away.*英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。It is by no means easy to learn the English language.第39页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Compare the sentence structures of the two langua
35、ges:我的小孙子他很调皮。那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。My little grandson is very naughty.You should have thrown away the clunker.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题话题-评论评论English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语主语-谓语谓语第40页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Contrast Between Engl
36、ish and ChineseChineseTopic-prominent Language话题突出型语言话题突出型语言Topic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题话题-评论评论结构）结构）EnglishSubject-prominent Language主语突出型语言主语突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语（主语-谓语结构）谓语结构）第41页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三波浪型与树枝型波浪型与树枝型第42页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese:wave-like discourse struct
37、ure（汉语的波式语段结构）汉语的语段结构犹如大海的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神聚。开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。第43页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三 开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After()contracted the fatal disease,()thought differently.()Just()smoke,()buy the best cigarettes,()
38、smoke whenever()liked to.At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After(Father)contracted the fatal disease,(we)thought differently.(We would)Just(let him)smoke,(and we would)buy the best cigarettes,(and let him)smoke whenever(he)liked to.Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉（汉语的波式语段结构）语的波式语
39、段结构）第44页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of some law,too complex for analysis or statement,controlling the relations between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and
40、 phrase,phrases and speech.H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):第45页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。第46页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）王力（1984）指出，“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。
41、”吕叔湘（1979）说，“汉语口语里有特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。”第47页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）英语的句子结构好似一棵大树，树干、树枝、分枝、树叶互相连接，结构紧密，形式规范。主谓必须一致，构成树干；定语、状语等其余成分均为枝叶，由连接词语与树干相连，形成一棵完整的大树。第48页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）Branches and sub-branches:Adv
42、erbials and attributesTrunk line:S+V+(O)第49页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy
43、 Carter Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributesTrunk line:S+V+(O)As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter As a nation of gifted pe
44、ople who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter 第50页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese wave-like discourse structure（波式结构）（波式结构）with different sec
45、tions rise and fall freely like waves without regular rulesEnglish tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）（树式结构）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line第51页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三语序固定与语序灵活的差异语序固定与语序灵活的差异第52页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语
46、语序（汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed（相对固定）（相对固定）Order of time（时间先后顺序）（时间先后顺序）Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences:我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐第53页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（2）Order of space（空间大小顺序）（空间大小顺序）Words:
47、大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses:中国上海闵行区江川路690号Sentences:一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔第54页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（3）Order of importance（重轻顺序）（重轻顺序）Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌
48、弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。第55页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（4）Order of logic （逻辑顺序：因果，条件（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。第56页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语
49、序英语语序Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of inflections and connectives the Russian people,the people of Russia,the people living in Russia,the people who live in Russiaan important event an event of importancePhrases:第57页，共90页，编辑于2022年，星期三English Order of Linguistic Elem
50、ents英语语序英语语序志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal,it will last.天下雨，运动会延期了。The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain,the sports meet was postponed.Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）resulting from t