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1、认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Electrophysiology of MuscleSkeletal&Cardiac excitation&contractionMike Clark,M.D.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目NOTE Prior to reading this PowerPoint presentation students may want to review my PowerPoint presenta
2、tion General Electrophysiology which explains the Resting Membrane Potential and Action Potentials in general.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Neuron Action Potential Skeletal Muscle Action Potential 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Events in Neuro
3、n Action Potential1.A threshold voltage there is immediate opening of the sodium voltage dependent activation gate2.At threshold there is the start of slow closure of the sodium voltage dependent inactivation gateResult from the above two events sodium can rush into the neuron because both gates are
4、 temporarily open to sodium认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目As a result of the positive sodium ions rushing in through the open gates you get step 2 depolarization of the membrane认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.When the slow sodium inactivation
5、gate closes the positive sodium ions stop rushing in and the membrane depolarizes no further the up-shoot stops.4.The same voltage that operated the sodium gates also is the same voltage to initiate action of the potassium gates however the potassium gates are very slow so they do not open till arou
6、nd the time that the sodium inactivation gate is closing thus since no further sodium is rushing In and now positive potassium is rushing out the inside of the neuron again begins to become More negative Repolarization.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.Just like the potass
7、ium gate was slow to open it is also slow to close thus an overshoot of potassium moves out of the cell causing the interior of the neuron to become more negative than at the start(Resting Membrane Potential).This overshoot is termed“hyperpolarization.”6.The neuron must again return to the Resting M
8、embrane Potential state this is a result of the Sodium/Potassium pump(3 Na out for 2 K in)action and the large intracellular molecular anions(discussed in the General electrophysiology PowerPoint).认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Refractory PeriodsAbsolute Refractory Period
9、 a time in which the same area of the neuron cell membrane cannot be re-excited(fire another action potential).It is time it takes for the sodium gates to fully reset.Relative Refractory Period a time immediately after the absolute refractory period in which the same area of the neuron cell membrane
10、 can be re-excited but requires a higher voltage higher than the usual threshold voltage.During this time the potassium channels are still open thus positive potassium is rushing out making the interior of the neuron more negative thus harder to reach the voltage of threshold.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药
11、，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Events in a Skeletal Muscle Action Potential 1.Unlike neurons the skeletal muscle has only one type voltage dependent sodium gate.When threshold voltage is reached it quickly opens and sodium rushes in cau
12、sing the depolarization.2.The sodium voltage dependent gate later closes and depolarization stops.3.The same voltage (Threshold voltage)that causes the opening of the Na gates is the same Voltage that opens the potassium gatesbut they are slower-opening aboutthe same time that the Na gates areClosin
13、g K rushes out causing RepolarizationNa/K pump and larger molecular anions Return membrane to Resting State(RMP)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Excitation-Contraction CouplingNeurons can illicit conductivity(sometimes referred to as excitation)This conductivity is in the f
14、orm of action potentialsMuscle can illicit the charge activity of conductivity as well as the mechanical activity of contractilityThe charge movement of conductivity(action potentials)leads to the mechanical contraction thus the excitation must be coupled to the contractionSince charge activity is f
15、aster than mechanical activity the action potentials initiate first followed fairly quickly by the initiation of the mechanical activity of contraction.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Latent Phase of Contraction The differential in time between when the action potentials i
16、nitiate and the contraction initiates is termed the latent phase of muscle contractionAction potential initiated认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Latent PhaseThe latent phase involves all the events after the action potential till the myosin drags the actin over it(sliding f
17、ilament)thus causing the initiation of the muscle contraction认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Actual Contraction(skeletal muscle)Though the actionpotential only lasts1 to 3 millisecondsthe skeletalmuscle contractionlasts over 100 msA contraction as a result of one action po
18、tential is termed a muscle twitch.A muscle twitch has 3 periods latent,contraction and relaxation.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目100 milliseconds is 1/10 of a second100 milliseconds(1/10th of a second)is not a long time at all we could not do anything muscle wise in that
19、time frame thus we must add(summate)together these isolated contractions(muscle twitch)to make a longer useful contraction.The adding together of muscle twitches is termed“tetany.”Tetany occurs by delivering to the muscle cell-a rapid continuous set of action potentials.The action potentials can occ
20、ur fast but how close together they can occur is limited by the action potentials“absolute refractory period.”认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目TetanyAction potentials being delivered in rapid succession thus maintai
21、ning a sustained skeletal muscle contraction.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目The events causing heart muscle contraction differ slightly from those of skeletal muscleCardiac muscle just as skeletal muscle-require calcium to allow actin to bind to myosin which is the main c
22、omponent of the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.All the calcium required for skeletal muscle contraction is located on the inside of the skeletal muscle cell in the sarcoplasmic reticulum however cardiac muscle requires some calcium to enter from outside of the muscle cell.in cardiac mu
23、scle some(10-20%)extracellular calcium is required for contraction.This calcium enters through voltage dependent calcium channels known as L channels or sometimes referred to as slow calcium channels.release In fact the 10-20%of calcium coming from the outside of the cell not only goes to troponin C
24、 to assist directly with contraction but it also assists in the opening of the calcium release channels in the cardiac muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticulum for the other 80 90%to be released.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Cell Membrane Calcium ChannelsIn cardiac muscle cell
25、s some(10-20%)of extracellular calcium is required for contraction.This calcium enters through voltage dependent calcium channels known as L(Long lasting)channels or sometimes referred to as slow calcium channels.The 10-20%of calcium coming from the outside of the cell not only goes to troponin C to
26、 assist directly with cardiac muscle contraction but it also assists in the opening of the calcium release channels in the cardiac muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticulum for the other 80 90%to be released.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目This influx of calcium from the outside
27、of the cell occurs during the cardiac muscle action potential part of the mechanism of the action potential especially in the plateau phase.Thus even though the calcium enters as part of the action potential mechanismit is also important for the contraction action.The entering calcium is important f
28、or excitation and contraction.Since(1)the amount of calcium available to troponin C is important to the strength of contraction in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle and(2)some of the calcium for cardiac muscle contraction must come from the extracellular fluid the blood(extracellular fluid)cal
29、cium level is more important to cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle.Since cardiac muscle has functional L calcium channels and skeletal muscle cells do not a calcium channel blocker drug will affect cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscle(example Verapamil).The medication will decrease the force of c
30、ontractility(inotropic effect).认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Cardiac MuscleSkeletal Muscle认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目The Heart Action PotentialsThe heart has two types of action potentials one type that is the heart muscle action potential
31、and another type that is the pacemaker(SA node,AV node,etc.)action potential认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目NO TETANYThe heart muscle should never go into tetany.A heart muscle cell should do one muscle twitch then relax for a while before it embarks on another twitch.A he
32、art chamber only fills with blood when it is relaxed(diastole)thus tetany would cause a heart chamber to have a sustained contraction-not relax and be unable to fill with blood.If the heart chamber cannot fill it has no blood to empty into the next chamber or into the next blood vessels.If heart mus
33、cle goes into tetany that is what is called cardiac flutter and fibrillation.Fibrillation can lead to death.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Prevention of Cardiac muscle tetanySince one initiated action potential can cause one muscle contraction(muscle twitch)and a rapid su
34、ccession of action potentials on a muscle cell can cause tetany then make the action potentials get further apart so they cannot summate as easily.How can this be done?Prolong the absolute refractory period.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Prolonged absoluteRefractory perio
35、d.The plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential provides a longer absolute refractory period thus disallowing cardiac muscle action potentials from coming to close together thus disallowing cardiac muscle tetany.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目In addition to the
36、 fact that the cardiac muscle action potentials cannot come to close together there is another fact of interest the absolute refractory period lasts over 200 msec which is almost the entire time of one cardiac muscle twitch(one contraction).Thus by the time the action potential is fully over so is t
37、he muscle contraction thus no tetany.The red graphis the contractioncurve and the blue is the actionpotential curve认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Events in the Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Events in the Cardia
38、c Muscle Action Potential认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phase 0Phase 0 is the rapid depolarization phase.The slope of phase 0 represents the maximum rate of depolarization of the cell.This phase is due to the opening of the fast Na+channels causing a rapid increase in the
39、 membrane conductance to Na+(GNa)and thus a rapid influx of Na+ions(INa)into the cell;a Na+current.The ability of the cell to open the fast Na+channels during phase 0 is related to the membrane potential at the moment of excitation.If the membrane potential is at its baseline(about-85 mV),all the fa
40、st Na+channels are closed,and excitation will open them all,causing a large influx of Na+ions.If,however,the membrane potential is less negative,some of the fast Na+channels will be in an inactivated state insensitive to opening,thus causing a lesser response to excitation of the cell membrane and a
41、 lower Vmax.For this reason,if the resting membrane potential becomes too positive,the cell may not be excitable,and conduction through the heart may be delayed,increasing the risk for arrhythmias.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phase 1 Phase 1 of the action potential occu
42、rs with the sudden inactivation of the fast Na+channels.The small transient down-shoot(more negative)is due to the movement of K+and Cl-ions.K+is moving out and Cl-is moving into the cell making the interior temporarily more negative.Both ions are directionally moving in accordance with their respec
43、tive electrochemical gradients.They are moving through their respective passive leak channels.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phase 2 the plateau phaseThe basis of the prolonged absolute refractory period!As the voltage of the cardiac muscle cell changes it causes the slow
44、er later opening of L-Calcium channels and also the opening of some special slow delayed rectifier potassium channels(not the usual passive leak potassium channels or the usual voltage dependent potassium channels seen in neurons and skeletal muscle cells).This plateau phase of the cardiac action po
45、tential is sustained by a balance between inward movement of Ca2+through L-type calcium channels and outward movement of K+through the slow delayed rectifier potassium channels.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phase 3 During phase 3(the rapid repolarization phase)of the act
46、ion potential,the L-type Ca2+channels close,while the slow delayed rectifier K+channels remain open.This ensures a net outward current,corresponding to negative change in membrane potential,thus allowing more types of K+channels to open.These are primarily the rapid delayed rectifier K+channels.This
47、 net outward,positive current(equal to loss of positive charge from the cell)causes the cell to repolarize.The delayed rectifier K+channels close when the membrane potential is restored to about-80 to-85 mV.The Na/K pump helps restore the RMP Phase 4.Phase 4 is the usual Resting Membrane Potential认识
48、到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Cardiac Pacemaker Action Potential认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Pacemaker cellsThe pacemaker cells have automatic rhythm they spontaneously in and of themselves can fire action potentials.Each pacemaker structure h
49、as a different automatic firing rate.SA node 60 80 natural pacemaker of the heart because it has the fastest firing frequency AV node 40 60 spontaneous action potentials per minuteBundle of HIS 20 40 action potentials per minuteBundle Branches 10 20 action potentials per minuteIt is the pacemaker ce
50、lls that cause the adjacent cardiac muscle cells to reach threshold voltage thus initiating the cardiac muscle cell action potential 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Events of the Pacemaker Action PotentialThe rate at which the pacemaker potential reaches threshold is the k