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1、YCF正版可修改PPT(本科）会计专业英语chapter 1教学课件会计英语会计英语p课程简介:p会计英语阐述了与财务会计、管理会计、财务管理及审计相关的专业英语知识。以最新会计准则及现代会计理论的最新研究成果为指导，内容不仅仅拘泥于纯会计方面的专业英语，而是涵盖了整个企业经营管理过程中包括财务会计、管理会计、财务管理和审计工作中的难点和重点，且与实务的结合较为紧密，从而帮助会计从业人员更全面地掌握财会工作中存在的问题。p课程学时：p60学时2参考资料参考资料p张新民钱爱民，财务报表分析M北京：中国人民大学出版社，2011p孙建华财务报表分析M北京：清华大学出版社,2012p祝建军，廖玉.财务
2、报表分析M.北京：中国财政经济出版社，2015.p图书馆CNKI数据库3课程结构课程结构p本书内容分为四个部分：财务会计、管理会计、财务管理和审计。采用层级递进的方法阐述了会计信息从产生、使用到鉴证的全过程，在重点介绍财务会计专业英语的同时兼顾管理会计、审计和财务管理的基本内容，引导读者全方位理解会计相关学科英语，帮助其在实务及后续学习中打下稳固基础。4Chapter1PrincipleofFinancialAccounting5LearningObjectivespExplain the nature of accounting and its types.pInterpret the qu
3、alitative characteristics of accounting information pUnderstand the basic assumptions and principles of accounting pIdentify the effects of business transactions on the accounting equationpApply the Double-Entry Bookkeeping6MiniCase Matt is a freshman intern in the financial department of a company.
4、During the accounting process,he found that there were complicated business transactions and its not easy for him to deal with,so he went to ask Harry,an experienced accountant.Matt:“Harry,I found that there were various business transactions such as purchasing new machines or raw materials,paying s
5、alaries of the workers,receiving new investments or acquiring sales revenues,they are complicated and I have no idea how to record these transactions by appropriate method.”Harry:“Well,before you deal with these transactions,you should make a classification of them and understand the inner relations
6、hip.”Matt:“And I saw that when purchasing a new machine,it will be recognized as cash outflow even if we havent pay for it.Why?”Harry:“Actually,there are some accounting principles and rules before starting accounting computation.After you learned them,you will understand.”Identify:(1)How could we c
7、lassify the transactions?(2)What is the basic premise and rules of accounting?7ContentpTopic1:NatureofaccountingpTopic2:QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformationpTopic3:TheAssumptionandPrincipleofAccountingpTopic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping8Topic1:Natureofaccounting1.Acc
8、ountingisanInformationSystemp Accounting is often described as an information system that identifies,records,and communicates relevant,reliable,and comparable information about an organizations business activities that can be expressed in monetary terms.2.ThePurposesofAccountingp The primary purpose
9、 of accounting is to provide information to help people make decisions about economic activities.9Topic1:Natureofaccounting3.TypesofAccountingInformationp(1)Financial Accounting Financial accounting refers to information describing the financial resources,obligations and activities of an economic en
10、tity,either an organization or an individual.p (2)Management Accounting Management accounting involves the development and interpretation of accounting information which is for internal use and provides special information for the managers of a company.p (3)Tax Accounting Tax planning means anticipa
11、ting the tax effects of business transactions and structuring these transactions in a manner that will minimize the income tax burden.10Topic1:Natureofaccounting4.UsersofAccountingInformationp(1)Individuals Individuals often keeps accounting records to make decisions.p(2)Managers of BusinessManagers
12、 of businesses use accounting information to set goals for their organizations,to evaluate progress toward those goals,and to take corrective action if necessary.p(3)Investors and creditorsInvestors and creditors provide the money a business needs to begin operations.To decide whether to help start
13、a new venture,potential investors evaluate what income they can expect on their investment.p(4)Government regulatory agenciesMost organizations face government regulation.For example,the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC).11Topic1:Natureofaccounting4.UsersofAccountingInformationp(5)Tax authorit
14、iesTax Authorities levy taxes on individuals and businesses.The amount of the tax is figured using accounting information.p(6)Nonprofit organizationNonprofit organizationssuch as churches,government agencies,and college,which operate for purposes other than profituse accounting information in much t
15、he same way that profit-oriented business do.p(7)Other usersEmployees and labor unions make wage demands based on their employers reported income.Consumer groups and the general public are also interested in the amount of income businesses earn.12Topic2:QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformat
16、ion1.PrimaryQualitativeCharacteristicsp(1)RelevanceRelevant accounting information must be useful in helping users assess the future performance of the firm as well as provide feedback about prior decisions.p(2)MaterialityMateriality means that the requirements of accounting principles may be ignore
17、d if their effects on the financial statements are unimportant to users.p(3)Faithful Representation Financial information must not only represent relevant phenomena,but also faithfully represent the phenomena that it purports to represent.To be a perfectly faithful representation,a depiction should
18、have following three characteristics:complete,neutral,and free from error.13Topic2:QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformation2.EnhancedQualitativeCharacteristicsp(1)ComparabilityComparability is the qualitative characteristic thatenables users to identify and understand similarities in,and di
19、fferences among items.p(2)VerifiabilityVerifiability means that different knowledgeable andindependent observers could reach consensus,althoughnot necessarily complete agreement,that a particulardepiction is faithfully represented.14Topic2:QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformation2.EnhancedQ
20、ualitativeCharacteristicsp(3)TimelinessTimeliness means having information that could influence decisions available to decisions available to decision makers in time.p(4)UnderstandabilityAccounting information should be understandable to users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic
21、 activities and who are willing to study the information with reasonable diligence.15Topic3：TheAssumptionandPrincipleofAccounting1.BasicAssumptionsofAccountingp(1)Business Entity AssumptionBusiness entity means that every business unit or enterprise is treated in accounting as a separate entity.p(2)
22、Going Concern AssumptionGoing concern refers to presumption that the entity will continue to operate in the future-that it is not being liquidated.p(3)Monetary Unit AssumptionMonetary unit assumption requires that all the transaction data of an entity should be measured and entered in terms of money
23、 in the accounting records.p(4)Accounting Period AssumptionpAccounting period concept means the period of time selected for reporting results of operations and changes in financial position.16Topic3：TheAssumptionandPrincipleofAccounting2.BasicPrinciplesofAccountingp(1)Cost PrincipleCost principle re
24、quires that the assets of an entity be recorded at theiroriginal cost.p(2)Accrual-basis PrincipleAccrual-basis principle means that revenues and expenses are recognized inthe accounting period in which they are earned or incurred,even though thecash receipt or payments occurs at another time or in a
25、nother accounting period.p(3)Matching PrincipleMatching principle requires that all expenses incurred in generating revenues during a period of time be deducted from the revenue earned.p(4)Realization PrincipleRealization principle specifies that revenue is recognized at the time of sale,which happe
26、ns when title(ownership)to the product being sold passes from the seller to the buyer or when the services involved in the transaction have been performed.17Topic3：TheAssumptionandPrincipleofAccounting2.BasicPrinciplesofAccountingp(5)Full Disclosure PrincipleFull disclosure principle means that the
27、financial statements and notes or explanations should include all necessary information to prevent a reasonably astute user of the financial statements from being misled.p(6)Materiality PrincipleMateriality principle relates to the extent to which information can be omitted,misstated or grouped with
28、 other information without misleading the financial information users when they are making their economic decisions.p(7)Conservatism PrincipleConservatism principle in accounting relates to making judgments and estimates that resulting in lower profit and asset valuation estimates rather than higher
29、 profit and asset valuation estimates.18Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping1.AccountingElementsp(1)AssetsAssets refer to the resources incurred by the past transactions,which are owned or controlled by the enterprises and are expected to bring economic returns to the enterprises.p
30、(2)LiabilityLiability refers to the financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of a business enterprise.p(3)The Owners EquityThe owners equity refers to the economic interests that the owner is blessed with in the enterprise assets,it is the amount of assets minus liabilities.19Topic3：TheAss
31、umptionandPrincipleofAccounting2.BasicPrinciplesofAccountingp(5)Full Disclosure PrincipleFull disclosure principle means that the financial statements and notes or explanations should include all necessary information to prevent a reasonably astute user of the financial statements from being misled.
32、p(6)Materiality PrincipleMateriality principle relates to the extent to which information can be omitted,misstated or grouped with other information without misleading the financial information users when they are making their economic decisions.p(7)Conservatism PrincipleConservatism principle in ac
33、counting relates to making judgments and estimates that resulting in lower profit and asset valuation estimates rather than higher profit and asset valuation estimates.20Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping1.AccountingElementsp(1)AssetsAssets refer to the resources incurred by the
34、past transactions,which are owned or controlled by the enterprises and are expected to bring economic returns to the enterprises.p(2)LiabilityLiability refers to the financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of a business enterprise.p(3)The Owners EquityThe owners equity refers to the econo
35、mic interests that the owner is blessed with in the enterprise assets,it is the amount of assets minus liabilities.21Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping1.AccountingElementsp(4)RevenueRevenue refers to the total inflow of economic interest when selling products,providing labor serv
36、ices,and transferring assets.p(5)ExpenseExpense refers to the interest outflow of sale,provision of services and other daily activities.p(6)ProfitProfit refers to operating results of enterprises in a certain accounting period,including the operating profit plus other business profits,minus operatin
37、g expenses,management expenses and the amount of financial expenses.22Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping2.AccountingEquationAssets=Liability+OwnersEquitypAccording to the income statement,we learned the relationship between revenue and expenses:NetIncome(NetLoss)=Revenues-Expense
38、sp Next net income or net loss will be closed to owners equity.And we can have the following presentation of accounting equation.Assets=Liability+OwnersEquity+(Revenues-Expenses)23Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping3.EffectsofBusinessTransactionsupontheAccountingEquationpAny busin
39、ess event that alters the amount of assets,liabilities or owners equity or that affects the accounting equation is called a transaction.Here we use example 1-1 to illustrate the effects of business transactions.24Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepingpExample1-1we assume that during
40、the month of January,2016,Scarletts Bar had some transactions：Transaction 1:Scarlett started her business and deposited$l4,000 into a bank account opened specially for her business Scarletts BarTransaction 2:Bought equipment like refrigerators,tables and chairs,etc.for$8,500Transaction 3:Bought supp
41、lies such as tableware for$2,000Transaction 4:Bought beverages,etc.for$7,500 on accountTransaction 5:Borrowed$5,000 from the bank for a duration of 3 monthsTransaction 6:Paid$5,000 owed on inventoryTransaction 7:Paid electricity and water bills for the month$245Now lets see how the accountant makes
42、a meaningful record of the series of transactions,reconciling step by step with the accounting equation.25Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping2.AccountingEquationpTransaction 1:Scarlett started her business and deposited$14,000 into a bank account There are two accounts that are af
43、fected：the assets Cash is increased,and the capital of the firm is increased by the same amount.Capital C is used in“Cash”and“Capital”to mean the titles of accounts.)Assets =Liabilities +Owners Equity Cash =+Scarletts Capital 1.+$14,000 =+$14,00026Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepi
44、ng2.AccountingEquationpTransaction 2:Bought equipment like refrigerators,tables and chairs,etc.for$8,500.Here Scarlett is substituting one asset(cash)for another asset(equipment).She is receiving(+)the asset Equipment and paying out(-)the asset Cash.Note that the capital of$14,000 remains unchanged.
45、27Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping2.AccountingEquationpTransaction 3:Bought supplies such as tableware for$2,000.In this case,Scarlett again substitutes one asset Cash for another asset Supplies(Tableware is current assets which is grouped under the title Supplies).She receives
46、 Supplies(+)and pays out Cash(-).28Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping2.AccountingEquationpTransaction 4:Bought beverages,etc.for$7,500 on account.In this transaction,both sides of the accounting equation are affected:increase on the left side Assets(+)and increase on the right si
47、de Liabilities(+)by the same amount.So the accounting equation is still in balance.For Scarletts Bar such goods as beverages,pastry,refreshment,etc.are grouped under the title Inventories.She therefore is receiving the asset Inventories but is not paying for it with the asset Cash.Instead,she will o
48、we the money.Thus she creates the liability Accounts Payables because she owes that much.29Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepingpTransaction 5:Borrowed$5,000 from the bank for a duration of 3 months.Like creating Accounts Payable to purchase an asset,both sides of the accounting equ
49、ation increase by the sme amount,but the balancing condition is not impaired.In this case,Scarlett is receiving Cash(+)and creating a current liability-Short-term Borrowings(+).30Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepingp Transaction 6:Paid$5,000 owed on inventoryThis transaction reduce
50、d Scarletts asset Cash since she is paying out money by$5,000(-).She also reduced her liability Accounts payable,by$5,000(-).Now she owes that much less.31Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepingp Transaction 7:Paid electricity and water bills for the month$245.Electricity and water bi