语言习得过程幻灯片.ppt

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1、语言习得过程语言习得过程第1页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Introduction This chapter examines the question of how language is acquired.One way to think about the factors that play a role in language acquisition is to identify necessary and sufficient conditons.A necessary condition is one that must be present in order for l

2、anguage to occur in a normal way.A sufficient condition is one that,if present,ensures that language will develop normally.Three classes of variables have been proposed as necessary or sufficient conditions for language acquisition.environmental cognitiveinnate factors必要条件必要条件是指在正常条件下语言习得是指在正常条件下语言习

3、得所必须具备的条件。所必须具备的条件。充分条件充分条件是指能够确保语言正常发是指能够确保语言正常发展的条件。展的条件。一种复杂的行为所需要的充分条件一种复杂的行为所需要的充分条件一定是多样化的，它或许具备多种一定是多样化的，它或许具备多种必要条件，但都不是充分条件，即必要条件，但都不是充分条件，即都不能确保语言的顺利发展。都不能确保语言的顺利发展。第2页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三1The Linguistic Environment2Cognitive Processes3Innate Mechanisms第3页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 123The Linguistic

4、 Environment4Feral and Isolated ChildrenThe Critical HypothesisMothereseSummary第4页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三Heredity versus environmentNature versus nurtureArgumentWhat is most responsible for for our knowledge and behavior,our biological predispositions or the shaping done by our environments?Is exposure t

5、o language needed for language acquisition?Does the exposure have to be within a particular time frame?What types of language input are most useful?Environment第5页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三Feral and Isolated ChildrenFeral children are those who have grown up in the wild.E.g.Lane(1976),Victor(in the wood of F

6、rance in 1797),at the age of 12 when he was captured and later came to the attention of Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard.Hearing was normalUtter some soundsHave no speechtraining for 5 years by using techniques of language training and behavior modificationDevelop a gestural communication systemsAssociate a

7、particular name with a particular object,rather than with a class of objects第6页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Isolated Children第一个孩子出生后，第一个孩子出生后，残忍的父亲不能容忍孩子的哭声，残忍的父亲不能容忍孩子的哭声，就将婴儿扔到汽车房，两个月后婴儿死于肺炎就将婴儿扔到汽车房，两个月后婴儿死于肺炎第二个孩子据说因为呼吸道中的黏液没有排清而第二个孩子据说因为呼吸道中的黏液没有排清而窒息，出生后第二天就死去了窒息，出生后第二天就死去了 Isolated children are those

8、who grow up with extremely limited hunman contact.The best example is a girl called Genie who experienced extreme social and physical.第三个孩子三岁时被祖母救出抚养，现在还活着第三个孩子三岁时被祖母救出抚养，现在还活着吉妮是第四个孩子，她没能得到祖母的帮助，在她出生后不久，祖母就被汽车撞死了。吉妮出生20个月后，全家移居到祖母的房子。从那时起到13岁，她完全被隔离。赤裸的身上套着父亲做的套具，天天坐在一个不显眼的固定位置上，除了仅仅可以移动手脚外没有任何事情可做

9、。到了晚上，如果她没有被忘记的话，就被塞进一个狭窄的硬套，然后关入一个小铁笼里，再用布将笼子盖上。她经常挨饿。如果她发出任何声音，老头马上打他。第7页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三训练前后的情况训练前后的情况 训练前训练前训练后训练后语言的接触语言的接触很少很少 严重营养不良严重营养不良没有语言技能没有语言技能语音上：语调适合而语音上：语调适合而且还有许多语音的替且还有许多语音的替代代语义上：语义上：发展很快发展很快获得一定的语言，但获得一定的语言，但是发展很不均衡是发展很不均衡句法上：缓慢，很句法上：缓慢，很少语法词，没有复少语法词，没有复杂的句法手段杂的句法手段GenieGenie的

10、句法发展极其缓慢，只掌握了少量的语法词素，完全没的句法发展极其缓慢，只掌握了少量的语法词素，完全没有掌握复杂句法手段有掌握复杂句法手段(如从句如从句)，只是把实词穿在一起，虽然，只是把实词穿在一起，虽然能够表达基本意义，但几乎无任何语法结构可言。例如能够表达基本意义，但几乎无任何语法结构可言。例如:(1)I like music ice cream truck.(Carrol 1999)(1)I like music ice cream truck.(Carrol 1999)GenieGenie有时使用基本的句法手段表达一些微妙而复杂的思想，有时使用基本的句法手段表达一些微妙而复杂的思想，这表

11、明她的认知发展超过了语言发展。例如这表明她的认知发展超过了语言发展。例如:(2)Think about Mama love Genie.(Carrol 1999)(2)Think about Mama love Genie.(Carrol 1999)第8页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三PPT宝藏虽然虽然GenieGenie用的是右手，但是她却用右脑来进行语言加工用的是右手，但是她却用右脑来进行语言加工人的左脑支配右半身人的左脑支配右半身的神经和器官，是理的神经和器官，是理解语言的中枢，主要解语言的中枢，主要完成语言、分析、逻完成语言、分析、逻辑、代数的思考、认辑、代数的思考、认识和行为。

12、也就是说，识和行为。也就是说，左脑进行的是有条不左脑进行的是有条不紊的条理化思维，即紊的条理化思维，即逻辑思维逻辑思维。右脑支配左半身的神经和器右脑支配左半身的神经和器官，是一个没有语言中枢的官，是一个没有语言中枢的哑脑。但右脑具有接受音乐哑脑。但右脑具有接受音乐的中枢，负责可视的、综合的中枢，负责可视的、综合的、几何的、绘画的思考行的、几何的、绘画的思考行为。观赏绘画、欣赏音乐、为。观赏绘画、欣赏音乐、凭直觉观察事物、纵览全局凭直觉观察事物、纵览全局这都是右脑的功能。这都是右脑的功能。Curtiss and colleagues(1947)speculate that Genies left

13、 hemisphere might have suffered functional atrophyfrom lack of use,forcing her to acquire language with the right hemisphere.第9页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 It is clear from these two instances that the overall prognosis for acquiring language after proloned isolation from other humans is quite bleak.外界对儿童的忽视

14、或虐待可妨碍语言外界对儿童的忽视或虐待可妨碍语言的发展，这说明接触语言是正常语言的发展，这说明接触语言是正常语言发展的前提条件。发展的前提条件。Summary第10页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Although these reports leave many questions unanswered,there are consistent with notion that children must be exposed to language early in life to develop properlyThe Critical Period HypothesisThe C

15、ritical Period Hypothesis(Lenneberg)There is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language Strong version:children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposureWeak version:learning language will be more d

16、ifficult and incomplete after puberty.(戴炜栋，何兆熊 2012:147)11第11页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三Although CPH has evoked much disussion,there has been few empirical studies.A landmark study(Johnson and Newport 1989)They examined native speakers of Korean and Chinese who had immigrated to the USA at various ages betw

17、een 3 and 39 years of age.They also included a group of native speakers for comparison purposes.The results showed an advantage of early arrivals over later arrivals.Those who arrived in the USA between the ages 3 and 7 years did better than older arrivals and were,in fact,indistinguishable from nat

18、ive speakers.第12页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三210270260250240230220The relationship between age of arrival in the United States and total score correct on the test of English grammarMean score13第13页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三反对意见 One issue is whether the age-related decline in second language acquisition is gradual or

19、abrupt.Bialystok&Hakuta,(1994);Elman et al.,(1996)found that the decline may not be as steep as Johnson and Newport had concluded.Snow&Hoefnagel(1978)：选取不同年龄的说英国英语选取不同年龄的说英国英语的荷兰语的学习者做被试，历时性地研究了荷兰语的的荷兰语的学习者做被试，历时性地研究了荷兰语的自然习得。研究者在荷兰语试验的第一年对被试进行自然习得。研究者在荷兰语试验的第一年对被试进行了三次语言测试，他们发现在最初几个月的学习荷兰了三次语言测试，他们

20、发现在最初几个月的学习荷兰语的过程中，语的过程中，1212到到1515岁的年龄组与成人组的被试进步是最岁的年龄组与成人组的被试进步是最快的，到第一年快结束的时候，快的，到第一年快结束的时候，8 8到到1010岁与岁与1212到到1515岁的年岁的年龄组的被试对荷兰语掌握得最好，然而，在所有测试龄组的被试对荷兰语掌握得最好，然而，在所有测试中中3 3至至5 5岁的被试组测试结果是最差的，这项研究结果与岁的被试组测试结果是最差的，这项研究结果与语言习得关键期假说相反。语言习得关键期假说相反。Objection to CPH14第14页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 国内学者国内学者对语对语言

21、言习习得关得关键键期的研究看法期的研究看法桂诗春在他的桂诗春在他的心理心理语言学语言学中指出：中指出：“对于什么时候是外语对于什么时候是外语学习的最佳年龄很难学习的最佳年龄很难给出一个确切的答案，给出一个确切的答案，因此，是否存在一个因此，是否存在一个关键期我们不能简单关键期我们不能简单地给出结论，而应该地给出结论，而应该研究不同阶段的学习研究不同阶段的学习特点，然后再全面运特点，然后再全面运用于教学当中。用于教学当中。”束定芳在综合分析了国内外的束定芳在综合分析了国内外的研究后，总结指出：研究后，总结指出：“任任何年龄开始学习一门外语都何年龄开始学习一门外语都有可能获得成功；如果在有可能获得

22、成功；如果在1212岁开始学习外语，这样的学岁开始学习外语，这样的学习者只要在良好的语言环境习者只要在良好的语言环境和科学的教学方法下，最终和科学的教学方法下，最终也能达到或接近说母语的水也能达到或接近说母语的水平。平。”刘振前指出：刘振前指出：“事实上事实上二语习得并不存在关键二语习得并不存在关键期，尽管有许多以不同期，尽管有许多以不同的方法、目的、理论基的方法、目的、理论基础与结果的研究，但至础与结果的研究，但至少是缺乏足够的证据能少是缺乏足够的证据能证明其存在；甚至在语证明其存在；甚至在语音习得方面，虽然起始音习得方面，虽然起始年龄早的学习者优于起年龄早的学习者优于起始年龄迟的学习者，但

23、始年龄迟的学习者，但其结果不是年龄单方面其结果不是年龄单方面的因素，而应该是合并的因素，而应该是合并了其他相关因素的结果。了其他相关因素的结果。”15第15页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三从长远的角度看，年龄小一点的儿童比年龄从长远的角度看，年龄小一点的儿童比年龄大的儿童或成年人学第二种语言要好一点。大的儿童或成年人学第二种语言要好一点。summary究竟关键期是否存在有待于进一步深人研究，究竟关键期是否存在有待于进一步深人研究，但对这一问题的探讨有助于我们深人了解语言知识在但对这一问题的探讨有助于我们深人了解语言知识在大脑内部的组织方式以及语言输人的最佳时间。大脑内部的组织方式以及语言

24、输人的最佳时间。16第16页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三Motherese：adult-to-child languageThe general features:shorter,more concrete,more directive,and more intonationally exaggerated than adult-directed speech.Motherese 母亲语言（母亲语言（chapter 10）17第17页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三Some Characteristics of Adult Speech to ChildrenLanguage Le

25、vel Characteristic(s)Phonological Exaggerated intonation Clear articulationSyntactic Shorter sentencesSemantic Use of diminutives Concrete referentsPragmatic Preponderance of directives and questions 第18页，共49页，编辑于2022年，星期三 The relation between the seech asjustments adults make and childrens language

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