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1、第十三节非谓语动词基本含义及用法非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、主语、表语、定语、状语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。规则常用动词(短语)接 to dohope,want,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,promisefind/think/feelitadj.接 doingmind,enjoy,practise,suggest,finish,prevent,keep,avoidcant he
2、lp,feel like,be fond of,think of,be proud of,take pride in,be afraid of,be tired of,look forward to,be worth,be busy,pay attention to接动词原形 make,let,help(to)接动词原形/doinglook at/see/watch/notice/find/catch/listen to/hear/feelsb./sth.接动词原形(强调动作将发生或已经完成)接 doing(强调动作正在进行)(一)作宾语和宾语补足语规则常用动词(短语)接 to do/doin
3、gbegin/start/continueto do/doing(意义相同)like/love/hate/preferto do(一时的喜好)like/love/hate/preferdoing(长期的一种爱好)remember/forget/regret/stop/go on/to do(去做尚未发生的事情)remember/forget/regret/stop/go on/doing(事情已经发生过)try to do(尽力去做),try doing(试着去做),learn todo(学会做),learn doing(尝试做)(续表)成分特点例子作主语指事情，相当于名词To learn a
4、 foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。Learning a foreign language is not easy.Its not easy to learn a foreign language.作表语指事情，相当于名词My interest is to collect stamps.我的兴趣是集邮。My interest is collecting stamps.表示主语具有的特征或所处的状态，相当于形容词The story is interesting.这个故事很有趣。He felt very excited.他感到很兴奋。(二)作主语、表语、
5、定语和状语成分特点例子作定语表示所修饰词的用途，相当于名词reading room 阅览室，swimming pool 游泳池表示所修饰词具有的特征或所处的状态，相当于形容词flying birds 飞翔的鸟儿，fallen leaves 落叶，something to eat 可吃的东西The boy wearing glasses is my brother.戴眼镜的男孩是我弟弟。The boy who wears glasses is my brother.作状语表示目的、结果或原因He came here to visit his grandma yesterday.他昨天来这儿看望他
6、的奶奶。In order to visit his grandma,he came hereyesterday.表示伴随状态、原因或结果They walked in the street singing anddancing.他们边唱边跳地走在大街上。(续表)动词不定式的用法动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语。动词不定式的肯定形式是 to do；否定形式是 not to do。如：Tell your brother not to play near the lake.Its not
7、safe.叫你弟弟不要在湖边玩，不安全。一、不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种形式：1.把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车去那儿将会花费我们半个小时。To do the work well is not easy.要做好这项工作不容易。To say something is one thing,to do it is another.说是一件事，做是另一件。2.把不定式后置，常用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后。常用于下列句式中。(1)It is名词to
8、 do sth.。如：Its our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.保持环境干净整洁是我们的责任。Its a pleasant way to keep our city clean.这是保持我们城市洁净的一个好方法。(2)It takes sb.some time to do sth.。如：It took me about three hours to finish my homework yesterday.昨天完成作业花了我三个小时左右。It takes him half an hour to get to school by bi
9、ke.骑自行车上学花了他半个小时。(3)It is形容词for sb.to do.(形容词修饰事物)。如：Its very difficult for me to learn maths.对我来说学数学很难。Its very necessary for us to learn a foreign language.对我们来说，学习一门外语是很必要的。(4)Itbe形容词of sb.to do.(形容词描述人的性格、品质等，如 kind,nice,clever,polite,wise,rude 等)。如：Its nice of you to say so.你这样说真好。Its kind of y
10、ou to help me with my English.帮我学习英语，你真好。二、不定式作宾语1.作及物动词的宾语。只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有：hope,want,would like,decide,wish,choose,agree,ask,expect,fail,help,learn,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse 等。如：I hope to see him as soon as possible.我希望尽快见到他。I decided to ask for my money back.我决定去要回我的钱。2.当动词不定式作宾语时，如果后面还要接宾语补
11、足语，则常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后，其句型为“主语谓语it宾语补足语动词不定式”。如：He feels it his duty to help the poor.他感到帮助穷人是他的责任。All of us found it difficult to work out the maths problem.我们都发现解答这题数学有困难。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign languagewell.我们认为学好一门外语对我们来说很重要。三、不定式作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求接宾语外，有时还需要有
12、宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。1.常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：allow,ask,advise,invite,encourage,expect,get,order,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,would like 等，常用于句式“v.sb.to do sth.”。如：Would you like me to give your regards to Mary？你要我向玛丽传达你的问候吗？I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.我想要你清楚地理解这整篇文章。2.感官动词和使役动
13、词后用作宾语补足语的不定式须省略to。如：I didnt hear anyone say anything about it.我没听过任何人说起有关它的任何事。Do you let me swim in the river,Mum？妈妈，你允许我在河里游泳吗？上述感官动词及使役动词可归纳为：一感(feel)，二听(listento,hear)，三让(let,have,make)，四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。3.help 后面的“to”可有可无。如：Would you please help me(to)fill in the tax form？你能帮我填一下纳税申
14、请表吗？Peter often helps his mother(to)do the housework.彼得经常帮妈妈做家务。四、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，与其所修饰的名词有动宾关系。若动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，还需加上必要的介词，构成及物动词短语。不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：Our headmaster is always the first one to come to school andthe last one to leave.我们的校长总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。The doctor said he could do nothing to hel
15、p the boy.医生说他无法帮助这个男孩。1.表示将来的动作。如：The next train to arrive is from Washington.下一趟到达的列车来自华盛顿。2.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词。如：Im going to rent a room to live in.我打算租间房居住。Would you please give me some paper to write on？你能给我一些纸写写吗？五、不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语。如：I stayed there to see what would happen.我待在那儿看看会发生什么
16、。Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by thedoctor.亨利已经决定去医院让医生检查检查。Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.鲍勃写下了我的电话号码，以防忘记。2.不定式作结果状语。如：We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat andtidy.假期后我们回到家，发现花园干净整洁。不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：(1)so.as to 或 such
17、.as to。如：Im not so stupid(such a stupid fool)as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。(2)enough.to。如：The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.速度够快让我们赶上首趟航班。(3)too.to。如：Joans mother was too angry to say a word.琼的母亲太生气而说不出话。My brother is too young to go to school.我弟弟太小而不能去上学。六、不定式
18、作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作。当主语是 duty,wish,idea,plan,job,dream 等词时，作表语的动词常用不定式，以说明主语的内容。如：To see is to believe.眼见为实。Your job is to clean the classroom.你的工作是打扫教室。Our plan is to finish the work in a month.我们计划在一个月内完成这项工作。七、“疑问词动词不定式”结构“疑问代(副)词动词不定式”结构在句子中可用作宾语、主语和表语，还可用于双重宾语。如：Mr.Smith didnt know whether to
19、leave or stay there.史密斯先生不知道是去是留。(作宾语)How to do it well is still a question.怎样做好它仍是个问题。(作主语)The question is where to find the keys.问题是去哪儿找钥匙。(作表语)I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.我问徐教授怎样学好英语。(用于双重宾语)一、动词后接不定式和动名词Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来想一会儿。Stop talking,please.请不要说话。Plea
20、se remember to post my letter.请记得把我的信寄出去。I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。I forgot to bring my homework.我忘记带作业了。I forgot bringing my homework.我忘记已把作业带来了。Please try to do better next time.下次请设法做得更好些。He tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们谈话。Go on to do the other exercises after you finish
21、 this one.做完这个练习题后，接着做其他的。Go on doing the exercises after a short rest.休息一会儿之后继续做练习。We dont allow students to go out on school days.上学时，我们不许学生外出。We dont allow smoking here.我们不许在此吸烟。I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而
22、后悔。I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但我父亲不肯让我去。Doing that means wasting time.那样做意味着浪费时间。二、现在分词和动词不定式作宾语补足语我们常见的动词有 see,watch,notice,hear,feel,have 等，它们接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作；接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行着。如：I heard him sing in the classroom.我听到他在教室里唱歌了。(“唱”这个动作已经结束)I heard him s
23、inging in the classroom.我听到他正在教室里唱歌。(“唱”这个动作正在进行)三、need,require,want 后跟不定式和动名词当 need,require,want 作“需要”理解时，后加动名词的主动式等于加不定式的被动式。如：The window needs cleaning.The window needs to be cleaned.那个窗户需要被清洗。四、现在分词与过去分词1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。如：the surprising news 令人惊讶的消息a surprised man 一个感到惊讶的人a moving fi
24、lm 一场感人的电影the moved people 被感动的人们2.在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如：the developing country 发展中国家the developed country 发达国家the rising sun 正在升起的太阳the risen sun 升起来的太阳五、注意含有介词 to 的固定短语在初中阶段的英语学习中学生常常会遇到含有介词的短语，而其中有些短语中所含的介词为 to，它后面需要接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式，学生们很容易将这种情况与不定式符号to 后接动词原形的情况混淆。1.make(a)contributi
25、on(s)to 为作贡献。如：The scientist has made a great contribution to developing newtechnology.这个科学家为发展新技术作出了巨大的贡献。2.devote to 献身，致力于。如：He has devoted his life to helping disabled people.他一生献身于帮助残疾人。3.look forward to 期盼，盼望。如：We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.我们非常盼望再见到你。4.prefer.to.两者间更喜欢。如：
26、I prefer walking to cycling.我愿意步行，而不愿意骑自行车。5.be used to.习惯；适应。如：She is quite used to working hard.她很习惯努力工作。六、易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth.done1.have sb.do sth.意为“让某人做某事”，have 可以用 let,make 代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。如：The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his fathe
27、r.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。2.have sb./sth.doing sth.意为“让某人/物做某事”，have 可以用 keep 代替，现在分词(doing)表示这个动作往往具有持续、进行的含义。如：The two men had their lights burning all night long.那两个人让灯通宵亮着。3.have sth.done 意为“叫别人做某事”，即 ask sb.else to dosth.。过去分词(done)表示这个动作由他人(即非主语本身)来完成，含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。如：The driver had his car washed o
28、nce a week.那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。1、了解面对逆境，远比如何接受顺境重要得多2023/3/272023/3/271:13:32 PM。2023/3/272023/3/27Monday,March 27,20232、一般的伟人总是让身边的人感到渺小Monday,March 27,20231:13:32 PM3/27/2023 1:13:32 PM13:13Mar-23。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/273/27/2023 1:13:32 PM3、2023/3/27Mar-2327-Mar-234、昨天是张退票的支票27-Mar-231:13:32 PM13:13
29、2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/27Monday,March 27,20235、积极人格的完善是本，财富的确立是末27-3月-23。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/272023/3/273/27/20236、昨晚多几分钟的准备3/27/2023 1:13:32 PM27 三月 20232023/3/272023/3/272023/3/277、每一发奋努力的背，必有加倍的赏赐2023/3/27三月 232023/3/272023/3/272023/3/273/27/20238、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2023/3/272023/3/2727 March 2
30、0239、要及时把握梦想，因为梦想一死3/27/2023 1:13:32 PM。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/272023/3/2710、一个人的梦想也许不值钱，但一个人的努力很值钱。3/27/2023 1:13:32 PM2023/3/2727-3月-2311、在真实的生命里，每桩伟业都由信心开始，并由信心跨出第一步。3/27/2023 1:13 PM3/27/2023 1:13 PM2023/3/272023/3/27谢谢大家谢谢大家1、每一个成功者都有一个开始。勇于开始，才能找到成功的路2023/3/2713:132、成功源于不懈的努力，人生最大的敌人是自己怯懦。20
31、23/3/272023/3/272023/3/273/27/2023 1:13:33 PM3、每天只看目标，别老想障碍Monday,March 27,2023。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/27Monday,July 19,202127-Mar-234、宁愿辛苦一阵子，不要辛苦一辈子2023/3/27。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/27Monday,March 27,20235、积极向上的心态，是成功者的最基本要素2023/3/27。2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/272023/3/273/27/20236、生活总会给你另一个机会，20
32、23/3/271:13:33 PM2023/3/272023/3/272023/3/277、人生就像骑单车，想保持平衡就得往前走21:19:482023/3/272023/3/273/27/20238、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2023/3/272023/3/2727 March 20239、我们必须在失败中寻找胜利Monday,March 27,20232023/3/2710、一个人的梦想也许不值钱，但一个人的努力很值钱。3/27/2023 1:13:33 PM2023/3/2727-3月-2311、在真实的生命里，每桩伟业都由信心开始，并由信心跨出第一步。3/27/2023 1:13 PM3/27/2023 1:13 PM2023/3/272023/3/27谢谢大家谢谢大家