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1、大学英语跨文化交际Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication大学英语跨文化大学英语跨文化交际交际 教学课件教学课件 黑龙江大学外语部大学英语跨文化交际Chapter 5 An idiom The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language,and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.Ezra PoundAn idiom The sum of
2、 human wiLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter,students will learn how to:vUnderstand the definition of verbal communication;vDescribe the relation between language and culture;vSummarize the verbal communication styles;vUnderstand the meaning of language diversity;vRelate language variation to languag
3、e use and language user;vDistinguish dialects,sociolects,pidgin,lingua franca,taboo,euphemism and jargon;vCompare written communication patterns.Learning ObjectivesIn this chaChapter-5-Verbal-Intercultural-Communication大学英语跨文化交际-教学课件Chapter-5-Verbal-Intercultural-Communication大学英语跨文化交际-教学课件CASE 25Su
4、ccess StoryThis case can reflect different communication styles-direct and indirect styles.The direct and indirect styles differ in the extent to which communicators reveal their intentions through their tone of voice and the straightforwardness of their message.In the direct verbal style,statements
5、 clearly reveal the speakers intentions.In the indirect verbal style,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intention.The speakers verbal style reflects his or her cultural and personal value.In this case,Mary and Ms.Goshima had very different communication styles.Marys tended to be dire
6、ct while Ms Goshima tended to be indirect.Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima,however,was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.Thus came
7、the communicative problem.CASE 25Success StoryThis caseText A Significance of Verbal CommunicationWhat is verbal intercultural communication?verbal “consisting of words”verbal communication using language,spoken or writtenVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural
8、 backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Text A Significance of VerbaWe use words tovcommunicate with the outside world.vshare the past.vexercise some control over the present.vform images of the future.We use words to persuade,to exchange ideas,to express views,to seek information
9、,and to express feelings.Language is important;it has the singnificant influence on human behaviors.By words the mind winged.We use words to By words thText B Language and CultureIn Chinese 房子In English houseIn Spanish case In Thai ban We name the same object differently and words are different in v
10、arious languages.Text B Language and CultureInHere we should know:vThe relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary.vWords in themselves do not carry the meaning.The meaning comes out of the context.Translate the next sentence,please.One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑
11、水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。Here we should know:1.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisvThe theory holds that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews.vLater,the hypothesis was divided into two parts.1.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe
12、thlinguistic determinist interpretation-Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation-Culture is controlled by and controls language.E.g.In Arabic,the camel plays significant roles in peoples life,so there are more than 40 words for“camel”.Nothing is mo
13、re important than rice to the Chinese,so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢”and“铁饭碗”.linguistic determinist interpr2.Language as a Reflection of the Environment Language reflects the environment in which we live and we label the things that are around us.E.g.,people in the Amazon area do not have a w
14、ord for snow.Most Americans use terms such as snow,powder snow,sleet,slush,blizzard,and ice.The environment influences the development of technology,produces and the appropriate vocabulary.E.g.,cultures in tropical climates will not develop heating systems.2.Language as a Reflection of3.Language as
15、a Reflection of ValuesLanguage reflects cultural values.E.g.Time does not play a role in Navajo life.As a result,the Navajos do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.Time and the passing of time are things one cant control;therefore,one should not worry about wasting
16、time and setting schedules.3.Language as a Reflection of Here,we should pay attention to one problem in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations.E.g.,businessmen in the United States are typically f
17、rustrated with the maana mentality of Spanish speaking countries:They said tomorrow,but they did not mean it.”For Americans“tomorrow”means midnight to midnight,a very precise time period.To Mexicans,in contrast,maana means in the future,soon.Translate the next sentence,please.The cattle go to the ri
18、ver to drink in the red blood period.日出时，牛儿到河边喝水.Here,we should pay attenti4.The Meaning of Words Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings.The results can be humorous,annoying,or costly,depending on the circumstances.Eg.For the American,“administration”in
19、the university context means department chair or dean.For the French,“administration”means upper-level clerical staff.4.The Meaning of Words SomeText C Verbal Communication Styles Culture influences the style of communication at great levelandthe communication style is concerned with the use of lang
20、uage.1.Direct and Indirect Styles2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Styles3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct Styles4.Personal and Contextual Styles5.Instrumental and Affective StylesText C Verbal Communication 1.Direct and Indirect Styles In the direct verbal style,statements clearly reveal the s
21、peakers intentions.E.g.,U.S.Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions.E.g.,Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.1.Direct and Indirect Styles 2.Self-Enhancement an
22、d Self-Effacement Verbal Styles The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.Eg.In th
23、e classified ads,American ad might begin with,“A handsome,athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner”While,Japanese ad might read,“Although I am not very good-looking,Im willing to try my best.”2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Comparing the differences in the pictureComparing the
24、 differences in t3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language.This style of communication can be seen in many Arab,Middle Eastern,and Afro-American cultures.An exacting style,where persons say no more or less than is needed,is used by American
25、s.They tend to prefer an exacting style of interactions consistent with a“Just the facts”mentality.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understatements,and even silence.A succinct style can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.3.Elaborate,Exacting a
26、nd Suc4.Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.It stresses“personhood”and relies on the use of pronouns in sentence construction.Eg.English has only one form for the second person,that is,you.The contextual style highlights one
27、s role identity and status.In such cultures,the social context dictates word choice,especially personal pronouns.Eg.Chinese,German and French,for example,have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).4.Personal and Contextual Sty5.Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrument
28、al verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based.The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome.Instrumental messages often are constructed to persuade and influence others and to maintain ones face.The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.The speak
29、er carefully chooses and organizes his or her messages in order to be understood by the audience.5.Instrumental and Affective vAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication,but with the process.T
30、he responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.Affective speakers carefully watch for the reactions of their listener.5.Instrumental and Affective StyleAn affective communication styText D Language Diversity SOCIOLINGUISTICS DEALS WITH THE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
31、 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY.Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses and users of language and the social structures.Text D Language Diversity LANGUAGE VARIATION1.VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE LANGUAGE USERDialects geographical o
32、riginSociolects social status 2.VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF COMMUNICATION(USE)Pidgin/Lingua Franca political statusTaboo/Euphemism social acceptanceJargon technical vocabularyLANGUAGE VARIATION1.VARIATION1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USER(1)Dialects A dialect is a form of language peculia
33、r to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONNATIONAL DIALECTS(AmE,BrE,AusE);REGIONAL DIALECTS(IrishE,ScottishE);LOCAL DIALECTS(London;Boston).WHAT ARE DIALECTS?DIALECTS1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USERHere are some examples v Take the lift
34、 to the first floor.Stop by the gas station.DIALECTS REFER TO DIFFERENCES IN VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR ACCENTS REFER TO PHONOLOGICAL AND PHONETIC DISTINCTIONSHere are some examples Take t1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USER（2）Socialects Some people consider a social dialect referring to a particular social cl
35、ass.THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF SPEAKERS IS IMPORTANT.vVARIATION ACCORDING TO CLASS,EDUCATION,AGE,SEX.vACCENT IS AN IMPORTANT MARKER OF SOCIOLECT.WHAT ARE SOCIOLECTS?“Received Pronunciation”1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USERHere are some examplesShut up/please be quietGet out/please leave the roomvDEGREES O
36、R LEVELS OF FORMALITY:FROZEN,FORMAL,CONSULTATIVE,CASUAL,INTIMATE(Martin Joos)Here are some examplesShut up2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(1)Pidgin and Lingua Franca A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes.First,they have no native speakers.Second,th
37、e linguistic and grammatical structure of pidgin languages is always simple and based on one or two other languages.WHAT IS A PIDGIN?TradingColonializationTWO CHARACTERISTICS OF PIDGIN2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent lang
38、uage of a region,it is called a Creole.FEATURES lack cultural potential;undervalved;inadequately understood.A Lingua Franca is used for communication purposes between different groups of people,each speaking a different language.It is highly valued,compared with a pidgin.WHAT IS A CREOLE?WHAT IS A L
39、INGUA FRANCA?2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(2)Creole and Lingua FrancaWhen a pidgin language begins WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIDGIN AND LINGUA FRANCA?INTERNATIONALMEANS OFCOMMUNICATIONLOCAL MEANS OFCOMMUNICATION;MIXED LANGUAGELong time no seeEmailWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE INTERNA2 VARIATION ACCORDI
40、NG TO USE(3)Taboo and EuphemismTaboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are often offensive and impolite.Euphemism is its linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.WHAT IS TABOO?WHAT IS EUPHEMIS?2 VARIATION ACCO
41、RDING TO USE(vSth that is prohibited by the“polite”society.vObscene,profane,and swear words.vLinguistic taboo originates from social taboo.WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TABOO AND EUPHEMISM?vThe existence of taboo words generates the creation of euphemisms.vThese expressions are intended to avoid un
42、pleasant or offensive words.Sth that is prohibited by the 2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(4)Jargon It refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.WHAT IS JARGON?MEDIA JARGONreporter;journalist;proofreader;editor;
43、typesetters;printers;script;headline;publish;title;letter;column;articleLEGAL JARGONcounsel;plaintiff;lawyer;evidence;defence;accusation;judge;criminal;lawsuit;interrogation;sentence;deeds;alibi2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(Text E Cultural Influence on Written Communication Culture has some unavoidab
44、le impact on written communication.Its important for interactants to know the conventions of international English writing and business writing is an important aspect of written communication.Two styles of the organization of routine messages:direct plan and indirect plan.Text E Cultural Influence o
45、n 1.Direct Plan avoid ambiguity get the message across clearly be conciseIn direct-plan reports How to do these?use short sentences use a subject-verb-object pattern use active-voice verbs1.Direct Plan avoid ambigui2.Indirect Plan not put the main message in the first sentence In indirectplan to nur
46、ture a relationship or develop some other context for the message DIRECT priority:communicationPrecise and conciseINDIRECT priority:relationshipAmbiguity/digressiondifference2.Indirect Plan not put theTask 1 Use your own words to give simple definitions of the following terms.DIALECT SOCIOLECT PIDGI
47、N LINGUA FRANCA TABOO EUPHEMISM JARGONTask 1 Use your own words Task 2 Diagram FillingWe use words to.form images of the _exercise some control over _communication with the outside world.share _Task 2 Diagram FillingWe use2.Diagram FillingIndirect PlanWrittenCommunicationPDirect Plan2.Diagram Fillin
48、gIndirect PlaSUMMARY:LANGUAGE VARIATION IN STYLELANGUAGE VARIATION IN CODEUse and user-related variationLANGUAGE VARIATION IN CHANNEL Writing stylesSUMMARY:LANGUAGE VARIATION IN Read and answer the questions of Cases 29 and 30.Finish the Checklist on page 159.ASSIGNMENTSRead and answer the questions