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1、Lesson Core Task analysis Structure planning第1页/共38页Part 1:Task AnalysisSample 1 The graph shows the demand for energy and the energy available from fossil fuels in Freedonia from 1985 to 2005.Step 1:observe x-axis and y-axis;what do they representStep 1:observe x-axis and y-axis;what do they repres
2、entStep 2:examine the meanings of different linesStep 2:examine the meanings of different linesStep 3:observe the trend,including the highest point Step 3:observe the trend,including the highest point and the lowest point and the lowest point第2页/共38页Sample 2 The graph shows the percentage of men and
3、 women employed in executive positions in ACME Oil Company from July 1993 to June 1994.Step 1:observe x-axis and y-axisStep 1:observe x-axis and y-axisStep 2:examine the representations of different graphsStep 2:examine the representations of different graphsStep 3:observe the trend,including the hi
4、ghest point Step 3:observe the trend,including the highest point and the lowest point and the lowest point第3页/共38页Sample 3 Many women want or need to continue working even after they have children.The charts below show the working patterns of mothers with young children to care for.Step 1:examine th
5、e number of charts and their connectionsStep 1:examine the number of charts and their connectionsStep 2:observe the representation of each divisionStep 2:observe the representation of each divisionStep 3:observe the percentage of different divisions inStep 3:observe the percentage of different divis
6、ions in each pie chart and compare the differences among each pie chart and compare the differences among different pie charts different pie charts第4页/共38页Sample 4 The table below shows social and economic indicators of four countries in 1994,according to United Nations statistics.Step 1:observe the
7、 horizontal and vertical columnStep 1:observe the horizontal and vertical columnStep 2:observe the data and group them roughlyStep 2:observe the data and group them roughlyStep 3:take one column as the base and compare the data,Step 3:take one column as the base and compare the data,paying attention
8、 to the maximum,minimum and zero paying attention to the maximum,minimum and zero 第5页/共38页Part 2:Structure Planning两段：1.描写实线的走向，实线由三段组成，故第一段由三部分构成；2.描写虚线的走向，虚线由四段组成，因此第二段应由四部分构成。第6页/共38页 两种方案：1.按照Office Grade的高低来进行逐级描述，从Office Grade E 到Office Grade A，共分成五个小段，每段中进行男女员工的人数比较；2.按照浅色柱和深色柱来分别进行描述，共分两大段，每
9、段中进行Office Grade 的相互比较。第7页/共38页两种方案：1.按照孩子年龄的区别来一一描述四个饼形，共分四段，每段中进行母亲情况的比较；2.按照母亲工作状况的区别描述，每段中进行孩子年龄的比较：1）不工作的母亲；2）兼职工作的母亲；3）全职工作的母亲。第8页/共38页按照社会和经济指数划分为四个小段：1.人均年收入方面的四国差异；2.出生时的预计寿命方面的四国差异；3.卡路里摄入量方面的四国差异；4.识字的成人比例方面的四国差异。第9页/共38页Part 3:Chart DescriptionWriting the introductionType of chartType of
10、 chartAppropriate Appropriate VerbVerbDescriptionDescriptionThe The illustrationillustrationgraphgraphpie chartpie chartbar chartbar charttabletableshowsshowsillustratesillustratespresentspresentscomparescomparesrepresentsrepresentsthe number ofthe number ofthe proportion ofthe proportion ofinformat
11、ion oninformation ondata ondata onthe percentage ofthe percentage of第10页/共38页 The graph below shows the area of land from which grain was harvested.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph.l lThe graph reveals the total world grain harvest area in The graph re
12、veals the total world grain harvest area in millions of hectares over a 46-year period.millions of hectares over a 46-year period.In general,the total harvest area increased until 1980,at In general,the total harvest area increased until 1980,at which point there was a reduction in the area harveste
13、d which point there was a reduction in the area harvested due to retrenchment.due to retrenchment.第11页/共38页 It is often claimed that women have achieved greater freedom and have access to the same opportunities as men.The pie charts below show some employment patterns in Great Britain.l lThe two pie
14、 charts represent,in 6 broad areas which are separated into The two pie charts represent,in 6 broad areas which are separated into manual and non-manual occupations,the proportion of men and manual and non-manual occupations,the proportion of men and women employed.women employed.In general,a greate
15、r percentage of women work in non-manual In general,a greater percentage of women work in non-manual occupations than work in manual occupations,and the reverse is true occupations than work in manual occupations,and the reverse is true for men.for men.第12页/共38页Writing the main body 1.Selecting impo
16、rtant information 2.Grouping information 3.Comparing and contrasting dataN:1)Word selection and variation 2)Time description 3)Coherence and cohesion 4)Fixed/standard expressions第13页/共38页Table 1CountryCountryGDP per GDP per capita capita(USD)(USD)Adult illiteracy Adult illiteracy raterateNewspaper N
17、ewspaper sales per sales per 1,000 people1,000 peoplethe Bahamasthe Bahamas13,00013,0004.44.49999Argentina Argentina 9,1009,1003.63.6123123Brazil Brazil 4,9004,90016.816.84040Mexico Mexico 4,3004,30010.510.59797Surinam Surinam 3,7003,7007.07.0122122Jamaica Jamaica 2,6002,60015.215.26363Cuba Cuba 2,1
18、002,1004.44.4118118 第14页/共38页Sample Answer 1 It can be seen from the table that the Bahamas and Argentina had GDP of$13,000 and$9,100 per capita respectively and the adult illiteracy rates were 4.4 and 3.6 in the two countries.Brazil and Mexico had GDP of$4,900 and$4,300 per capita,and their adult i
19、lliteracy rates were 16.8 and 10.5.Surinam,Jamaica and Cuba had$3,700,$2,600,and$2,100 respectively,with the adult illiteracy rate at 7.0,15.2,and 4.4.The table shows that another indicator,Newspaper Sales per 1,000 people had a huge number more than 100 of Argentina Surinam and Cuba.This was follow
20、ed by the Bahamas 99,Mexico 97,Jamaica 63,and Brazil 40.第15页/共38页Sample Answer 2 We can see that GDP per capita varies substantially from 2,100 USD in Cuba to 13,000 USD in the Bahamas,with 5 of the 7 countries below 5,000 USD.The illiteracy rates also differ considerately.The highest illiteracy rat
21、es are for Brazil(16.8%)and Jamaica(15.2%),whilst Argentina has the lowest rate,at 3.6%.Mexico(at 10.5%)and Surinam(7%)lie in the middle.Surprisingly,the adult illiteracy rate for Cuba and the Bahamas is the same,at 4.4%.Newspaper sales per 1,000 people are also diverse 第16页/共38页1.The companys earni
22、ngs decreased by nearly$50 million between 1970 and 1980.2.They hit a low point at$25 million in 1980.3.There was a steady increase in earnings until the year 1990.4.The company earned just above$50 million in 1990.5.The earnings decreased over the next five years to$50 million in 1995.6.Over the ne
23、xt nine years the earnings rose.7.The earnings first rose slowly.8.The earnings then rose dramatically.9.They exceeded$100 million in 2004.第17页/共38页The companys earnings decreased by nearly$50 million between 1970 and 1980,when they hit a low point at$25 million.There was a steady increase in earnin
24、gs until the year 1990 when the company earned just above$50 million.The earnings decreased over the next five years to$50 million in 1995.Over the next nine years the earnings rose,first slowly then dramatically until they exceeded$100 million in 2004.第18页/共38页Graph 1 1.There was a_ in the high sch
25、ool GPA of UM freshmen from 1995 to 1996.2.During the period from 1996 to 1999 _ _.sharp risesharp rise the the high high school school GPA GPA of of UM UM freshmen freshmen increased increased steadily steadily from about 3.45 to a little higher than 3.6from about 3.45 to a little higher than 3.6第1
26、9页/共38页Graph 21.The number of _ from 1996 to 1997.2.After that,it _,whichwas followed by a(n)_.3.The year 2000 saw _.4.However,the situation changed in 2001 when _.bottlenose dolphins seen in the Santa Barbara Channel dropped bottlenose dolphins seen in the Santa Barbara Channel dropped from 20 to z
27、erofrom 20 to zero increased sharply to more than 60 in 1998increased sharply to more than 60 in 1998slight decline in 1999 to less than 60slight decline in 1999 to less than 60 a sudden decrease in the number of bottlenose dolphins seen a sudden decrease in the number of bottlenose dolphins seen in
28、 the Santa Barbara Channel to zero againin the Santa Barbara Channel to zero againit climbed up to almost 70it climbed up to almost 70第20页/共38页Writing the conclusionIn summary,To sum up,In conclusion,To conclude,第21页/共38页指明未来式In conclusion,the energy demand and energy available from fossil fuels res
29、ulted in an excess amount of energy available in the 1990s in Freedonia which,perhaps,was due to the availability of alternative sources of energy.On the other hand,an energy gap that continues to widen is forecast,beginning in the late 1990s.In the future,Freedonians will have to enforce energy sav
30、ing measures or look towards the use of alternative sources of energy.第22页/共38页总结要点式In conclusion,it can be seen that from the social and economic indicators,the developing countries have to develop a lot more before reaching the same level of quality of life in the developed countries.第23页/共38页构造理论
31、式In summary,we can see that the area devoted to grain production was affected by both government policy and market forces.In conclusion,the two charts clearly show that women do not have the same access as men to certain types of employment.第24页/共38页1.The pie chart below shows the average way in whi
32、ch foreign students learning English in London spend their money over the course of a week.Describe the information shown in the pie chart.第25页/共38页2.The line graphs below illustrate some aspects of the growth of the Internet during the final two decades of the previous century.Write a report for a
33、university lecturer describing the information shown below.FIGURE 1:Number of networks FIGURE 2:Number of hosts(inmillions)worldwide connected to the Internet Notes:A“host”is a computer that is linked directly to the Internet第26页/共38页3.The diagram below shows the responses of UK drivers to a survey
34、conducted by the Market and Opinion Research Institute(MORI).The survey set out to discover the main causes of road accidents.第27页/共38页4.The table below presents information about the Australian economy in the late 1980s.write a report describing the trends in profits shown in the table.第28页/共38页COM
35、PANY PROFITS BEFORE TAX,BY INDUSTRY($million)Period Period Manufacturing Manufacturing Mining Mining Retail Retail TradeTradeOther Other 1986-871986-874,3004,3006506501,2001,2001987-881987-881988-891988-898,6008,600Below Below 1,4001,400Almost Almost 1,7001,7001989-901989-90Almost Almost 5,0005,000B
36、elow Below 1,4001,400Below Below 400400第29页/共38页The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information.You should write at least 150 words.第30页/共38页 The chart shows the number of hou
37、rs of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-1999,according to gender and employment status.Among those employed full-time,men on average had fifty hours of leisure,whereas women had approximately thirty-seven hours.There were no figures given for male part-time workers,but femal
38、e part-timers had forty hours of leisure time,only slightly more than women in full-time employment,perhaps reflecting their work in the home.第31页/共38页 In the unemployed and retired categories,leisure time showed an increase for both sexes,as might have been expected.Here too,men enjoyed more leisur
39、e time over eighty hours,compared with seventy hours for women,perhaps once again reflecting the fact that women spend more time working in the home than men.Lastly,housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure on average.There were no figures given for househusbands!Overall,the chart
40、 demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available,men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time.第32页/共38页 The graph below shows development in the ownership of mobile telephones as a percentage of telephones owned.Write a report for a university lec
41、turer describing the changes in telephone ownership.第33页/共38页 From the bar chart,we can see the changes in the ownership of mobile phones as a percentage of all telephones owned in Europe,USA and Asia respectively between 1993 and 1998 and a forecast about the percentages in years 2003.In Europe,4%o
42、f the telephone owners were mobile phone subscribers in 1993.The figure went up to 14%in 1998 and is expected to rise to 18%in 2003.In USA,the percentage was at 8%,the highest among the three areas in 1993.It increased to 18%in 1998 and is estimated at 34%in 2003.第34页/共38页 In Asia,only 2.5%of teleph
43、one owners were mobile phone users in 1993,the lowest among the three areas.The figure almost tripled to 7.5%in 1998 and is forecast to reach 28%in the year 2003.As is obvious from the graph,there are an increasing number of mobile telephone subscribers in all the three areas,with Asia being the pla
44、ce where the percentage is increasing most rapidly.第35页/共38页 Dear Sir,I write in response to your invitation to guests who have recently stayed in your hotel to suggest ways in which you can improve your service.I was a guest at your hotel last May,and I found that the level of customer care was exc
45、ellent.Indeed,every member of your staff,from the manager to the maid,was,without exception,extremely polite and helpful.And the standard of the rooms was beyond what I expected.第36页/共38页 However,I found that the restaurant stopped serving breakfast at 8.30 am.As I was on holiday I would have liked
46、to take breakfast at around 9.00 oclock,but was unable to do so.I also spoke to several other guests who expressed the same disappointment.In addition,I feel that if you could supply Chinese language newspapers,the quality of stay for Mandarin or Cantonese speakers would be considerably enhanced.Looking forward to an improved service.Yours faithfully,Linda Jones第37页/共38页