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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词词，短，短语语或或句子句子We st
2、udy in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名
3、形，代，数，名,副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是
4、基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！二）主语：二）主语：v主语主语(Subject)v是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：语从句等表示。例如：1.Durin
5、gthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeende
6、cided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.v2、复合谓语
7、：复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 v表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,s
8、eem等）等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.
9、（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一
10、词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，
11、说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达证实证实，变成变成之意，之意，例如：例如：Therumorproved false.Hispla
12、nturned outasuccess.（五）宾语（五）宾语v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.He
13、pretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamye
14、sterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：vTheyelectedhim their monitor.v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,p
15、romise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember
16、,forget,regret等。等。（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如词（如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongmi
17、ng.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等
18、成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名词）（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）不定式短语）6.Theteachingpla
19、nfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介词短语）介词短语）8.Farmerswho saw usstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquic
20、kly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of
21、the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）vShecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworks
22、veryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如
23、：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttribute
24、AdverbialAdverbialv6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.Attrib
25、utePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.T
26、heapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：1.On the left of my house is an old church.2.Why could the boiling point of water be 3.lower at the top of a mountain?4.3.I am not going to work today.5.4.This thing is for peeling potatoe
27、s.6.5.What time will you arrive?7.6.The Genie promised that if anyone e and set him free,he would make him 9.very rich.10.7.What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am terribly confused by all this information.10.We had al
28、ready reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps me fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.(二二)。划分。划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icansw
29、imverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadvice
30、onreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.If
31、oundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.2
32、7.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.