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1、LNG REGASIFICATION TERMINALLNG REGASIFICATION TERMINALLNGLNG再气化接收站再气化接收站By By V.KumarLNG ConsultantLNG ConsultantWorleyParsons SingaporeWorleyParsons SingaporeWORLD ENERGY OUTLOOKWORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK世界能源展望世界能源展望百万桶百万桶百万桶百万桶/天天天天2005200520302030Growth Growth World Energy DemandWorld Energy Demand世界能源
2、需求世界能源需求世界能源需求世界能源需求MBDOEMBDOE220220320320Breakdown by sourceBreakdown by source按能源划分按能源划分按能源划分按能源划分%/year%/year年年年年-Oil Oil 石油石油石油石油414131310.40.4-GasGas天然气天然气天然气天然气181822222.32.3-CoalCoal煤炭煤炭煤炭煤炭323225250.50.5-OthersOthers其它其它其它其它9 922225.25.2WHY LNG?WHY LNG?为何选择为何选择LNGLNGIncreasing energy demandI
3、ncreasing energy demand不断增加的能源需求不断增加的能源需求Limited availability of pipeline gasLimited availability of pipeline gas 气体管线传输有其局限性气体管线传输有其局限性Alternative is to liquefy and transport by ship Alternative is to liquefy and transport by ship over long distancesover long distances 可以选择液化并由船舶长距离运输可以选择液化并由船舶长距离运
4、输This is the beginning of LNG This is the beginning of LNG 从而发展了从而发展了LNGLNGor Liquefied Natural Gas or Liquefied Natural Gas 即液化天然气即液化天然气WORLD GAS RESOURCESGAS世界来源CountryCountry国家国家ReservesReserves储量储量 (Billion m(Billion m3 31010亿亿方方)ProvenProven已探明已探明 RecoverableRecoverable可采可采RussiaRussia 俄罗斯俄罗斯47
5、,52547,52533,06133,061IranIran 伊朗伊朗26,59126,591 8,907 8,907QatarQatar 卡塔尔卡塔尔25,74325,743 1,164 1,164Indonesia Indonesia 印尼印尼 2,5542,554 3,105 3,105Australia Australia 澳大利亚澳大利亚 2,5462,546 3,066 3,066Malaysia/Brunei Malaysia/Brunei 2,122 1,981 2,122 1,981马来西亚马来西亚/文莱文莱 OmanOman 阿曼阿曼 828828 956 956What
6、is LNG?What is LNG?什么是什么是LNGLNGNatural gas cooled to-162 Natural gas cooled to-162 o oC C at near atmospheric at near atmospheric pressure forms liquidpressure forms liquid天然气在接近常压下冷却至天然气在接近常压下冷却至-162-162 o oC C变成液态变成液态 This liquid is called LNGThis liquid is called LNG该液体称为该液体称为LNGLNGThe liquid is
7、The liquid is colourlesscolourless and has a characteristic and has a characteristic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon odourodour.液体无色、有烃类气味液体无色、有烃类气味It is stored at near atmospheric pressure at a temperature It is stored at near atmospheric pressure at a temperature of 158 to 160 of 158 to 160 o oC C它在接近常压下它
8、在接近常压下 158 158至至 160 160 o oC C温度范围内储存温度范围内储存Composition of LNGComposition of LNGLNGLNG组分组分Typical Composition of Natural Gas and LNG as follows:Typical Composition of Natural Gas and LNG as follows:天然气和天然气和LNGLNG一般组分如下：一般组分如下：ComponentComponentNatural GasNatural GasLNGLNG组分组分天然气天然气液化天然气液化天然气Methane
9、Methane82-85%82-85%92-95%92-95%甲烷甲烷 EthaneEthane5-7%5-7%3-5%3-5%乙烷乙烷 Propane Propane 2-5%2-5%1-2%1-2%丙烷丙烷 Condensibles(NGLCondensibles(NGL)6-8%6-8%NilNil可冷凝组分（天然气液体）可冷凝组分（天然气液体）How LNG is produced?How LNG is produced?LNGLNG生产工艺生产工艺LNG Production Plant is called a Liquefaction“Train”LNG Production Pl
10、ant is called a Liquefaction“Train”生产生产LNGLNG的设备称为液化装置的设备称为液化装置LNG is produced by a process called Cascade LNG is produced by a process called Cascade Refrigeration or Turbo-expansionRefrigeration or Turbo-expansionLNGLNG的生产工艺称作分级制冷或涡轮膨胀的生产工艺称作分级制冷或涡轮膨胀 Major World Producers of LNG are Russia,Indone
11、sia,Major World Producers of LNG are Russia,Indonesia,Australia,Malaysia-Brunei,Qatar,Oman etc.Australia,Malaysia-Brunei,Qatar,Oman etc.世界上主要的世界上主要的LNGLNG生产国包括：俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、澳生产国包括：俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚大利亚、马来西亚-文莱、卡塔尔、阿曼等文莱、卡塔尔、阿曼等Major Consumers of LNG are USA,Europe,Japan,China,Major Consumers of LNG ar
12、e USA,Europe,Japan,China,India etc.India etc.LNGLNG的主要消费国为：美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等的主要消费国为：美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等LNG PRODUCTION TRENDSLNG生产趋势Typical LNG Plant Capacities(Million SCFD)Typical LNG Plant Capacities(Million SCFD)典型典型LNGLNG装置能力装置能力 （百万立方英尺（百万立方英尺/天）天）LNG fueling stations 0.5 to10 LNG fueling stations 0.
13、5 to10 LNGLNG燃气站燃气站LNG peak-shaving 5 to 20LNG peak-shaving 5 to 20LNGLNG调峰调峰Small scale base load 50 to 250Small scale base load 50 to 250小规模基本负荷型小规模基本负荷型Base load plants 300 to 1,000Base load plants 300 to 1,000基本负荷型装置基本负荷型装置LNG TransportationLNG TransportationLNGLNG运输运输 Three types of shipsThree
14、types of ships三种运输船三种运输船 Older design insulated spherical tanks without external refrigeration,only Older design insulated spherical tanks without external refrigeration,only continuous flaring of boil-off gascontinuous flaring of boil-off gas老式设计为保冷球形储罐，无外部制冷，不间断燃烧蒸发气老式设计为保冷球形储罐，无外部制冷，不间断燃烧蒸发气 Newe
15、r design rectangular tanks with membrane walls with insulation Newer design rectangular tanks with membrane walls with insulation between the membranesbetween the membranes较新设计为矩形薄膜型液货舱，薄膜之间有可承载的低温隔热层较新设计为矩形薄膜型液货舱，薄膜之间有可承载的低温隔热层 Prismatic design a variation of membrane wall design with structural Pr
16、ismatic design a variation of membrane wall design with structural frames supporting the membrane wallsframes supporting the membrane walls棱形舱设计棱形舱设计 对加膜罐壁设计的调整，带有支撑加膜罐壁的结构框架对加膜罐壁设计的调整，带有支撑加膜罐壁的结构框架 Double-hulling to protect against accidental spillageDouble-hulling to protect against accidental spi
17、llage双壳保护，防止意外泄漏双壳保护，防止意外泄漏 Most common capacity range 135,000 to 140,000 mMost common capacity range 135,000 to 140,000 m3 3最常见容量在最常见容量在135,000 135,000 到到 140,000 m140,000 m3 3之间之间 Higher capacity ships under construction 200,000 mHigher capacity ships under construction 200,000 m3 3较大容量的货船为较大容量的货船
18、为200,000 m200,000 m3 3 Small LNG vessels coming into the market 10,000 mSmall LNG vessels coming into the market 10,000 m3 3新面世的小型新面世的小型LNGLNG容器的容量为容器的容量为10,000 m10,000 m3 3LNG Moss Type TankerLNG Moss Type TankerMOSSMOSS型型LNGLNG船船LNG Membrane Type TankerLNG Membrane Type Tanker薄膜型薄膜型LNGLNG船船LNG Ter
19、minal OverviewLNG Terminal OverviewLNGLNG接收站总览接收站总览LNG TERMINAL FLOW PLANLNG TERMINAL FLOW PLANLNGLNG接收站流程图接收站流程图LNG UnloadingLNG UnloadingLNGLNG卸载卸载 Typical ship sizes 135,000 to 145,000 mTypical ship sizes 135,000 to 145,000 m3 3通常通常LNGLNG船容量为船容量为135,000 to 145,000 m135,000 to 145,000 m3 3 Unloadi
20、ng rates 10,000 to 12,000 mUnloading rates 10,000 to 12,000 m3 3/hr/hr卸料速率为卸料速率为10,000 to 12,000 m10,000 to 12,000 m3 3/hr/hr Discharge time 12 to 18 hrsDischarge time 12 to 18 hrs卸料时间为卸料时间为1212至至1818小时小时 Berth occupancy 24 hrsBerth occupancy 24 hrs2424小时占用泊位小时占用泊位 Size of Unloading arms 3 X 16”Size
21、 of Unloading arms 3 X 16”卸料臂规格卸料臂规格 3 X 16”3 X 16”Size of Size of VapourVapour return arm 1 X 16”return arm 1 X 16”蒸气回收臂规格蒸气回收臂规格 1 X 16”1 X 16”Keep-cool jetty line recirculation systemKeep-cool jetty line recirculation system码头主管线冷却循环系统码头主管线冷却循环系统 Design code EN 1474Design code EN 1474设计规范设计规范 EN
22、1474EN 1474LNG Storage TankLNG Storage TankLNGLNG储罐储罐 Typical size 150,000 to 160,000 mTypical size 150,000 to 160,000 m3 3一般容积为一般容积为150,000150,000至至160,000 m3160,000 m3 Minimum 2 tanks-one receiving and one feedingMinimum 2 tanks-one receiving and one feeding至少至少2 2个罐个罐 一个接收一个接收,另一个外输送另一个外输送 Three
23、types of design from containment point of viewThree types of design from containment point of view从防泄漏角度出发分成三种设计从防泄漏角度出发分成三种设计 Double-walled tank with:Double-walled tank with:双壁罐双壁罐:-Double Integrity-Double Integrity 双层结构双层结构-Single Integrity-Single Integrity 单层结构单层结构-Full Containment-Full Containme
24、nt 全封闭结构全封闭结构 Design code EN 1473 or BS 7777(EN 14620)Design code EN 1473 or BS 7777(EN 14620)设计规范设计规范 EN 1473EN 1473或或BS 7777(EN 14620)BS 7777(EN 14620)Storage Tank Model X-Section储罐模型-断面Storage Tank DetailsStorage Tank Details储罐详细内容储罐详细内容 Nitrogen purge connectionsNitrogen purge connections氮吹扫连接氮吹
25、扫连接 Start-up liquid and gas distributorsStart-up liquid and gas distributors起动液相和气相分布器起动液相和气相分布器 Tank insulationTank insulation罐保冷罐保冷 Tank foundationTank foundation罐基础罐基础 Two types of foundation:-Two types of foundation:-两种基础两种基础 -Elevated foundation with insulating air gapElevated foundation with i
26、nsulating air gap带保冷气隙的高基础带保冷气隙的高基础 -Foundation flush with ground with foundation heaterFoundation flush with ground with foundation heater基础冲洗（地面配有基础加热器）基础冲洗（地面配有基础加热器）Function is to prevent cold leakage to the earth which could result in Function is to prevent cold leakage to the earth which could
27、 result in freezing of ground waterfreezing of ground water功能在于防止低温泄漏导致地下水结冰。功能在于防止低温泄漏导致地下水结冰。Tank Insulation DetailsTank Insulation Details罐保冷详细内容罐保冷详细内容 Designed to keep tank boil-off rate below 0.1%of net Designed to keep tank boil-off rate below 0.1%of net pumpablepumpable capacity per daycapac
28、ity per day在设计上使罐的蒸发率低于每天净泵送能力的在设计上使罐的蒸发率低于每天净泵送能力的0.1%0.1%Conventional InsulationConventional Insulation传统保冷传统保冷Expanded Expanded PerlitePerlite Powder filled in the space between inner and outer Powder filled in the space between inner and outer tank called as the“Annulus”.tank called as the“Annul
29、us”.在罐的内外层之间（称为环空）填充膨胀珍珠岩在罐的内外层之间（称为环空）填充膨胀珍珠岩 Modern InsulationModern Insulation现代保冷现代保冷Sprayed-on Poly-Sprayed-on Poly-iso-cyanurateiso-cyanurate insulation provided on the inner insulation provided on the inner surface of the outer tanksurface of the outer tank通过在外罐的内表面喷洒聚胺脂进行保冷通过在外罐的内表面喷洒聚胺脂进行保冷
30、Tank Dyke Requirement罐围堰要求If single integrity design is used,dyke should be If single integrity design is used,dyke should be enclosed by impervious concrete bund-wall to provide enclosed by impervious concrete bund-wall to provide full containmentfull containment如采用单层结构设计，罐围堰应围有密封混凝土墙以提供如采用单层结构设计，罐
31、围堰应围有密封混凝土墙以提供全封闭。全封闭。Dyke volume=110%of largest tank in dyke for single Dyke volume=110%of largest tank in dyke for single integrity design(NFPA-59A)integrity design(NFPA-59A)单层结构设计的围堰容积单层结构设计的围堰容积=围堰内最大罐容积的围堰内最大罐容积的110%110%(NFPA-59A)(NFPA-59A)If double integrity design is used low bund-wall can be
32、 If double integrity design is used low bund-wall can be provided,need only to contain fire and storm waterprovided,need only to contain fire and storm water如采用双层结构设计，应提供低围墙，用于阻火和收集雨如采用双层结构设计，应提供低围墙，用于阻火和收集雨水水Tank Boil-off RateTank Boil-off Rate罐蒸发率罐蒸发率LNG is boiling liquid stored under its own LNG
33、is boiling liquid stored under its own vapourvapour pressurepressureLNGLNG是一种在自身蒸汽压力下储存的液体是一种在自身蒸汽压力下储存的液体As the liquid picks up heat from the surroundings,some As the liquid picks up heat from the surroundings,some vapourvapour is continuously formed inside the tank is continuously formed inside th
34、e tank由于该液体从周围环境中吸收热量，储罐内不断形成一些由于该液体从周围环境中吸收热量，储罐内不断形成一些蒸汽蒸汽This This vapourvapour is called Boil-off Gas or BOG is called Boil-off Gas or BOG这种蒸汽被称为蒸发气（这种蒸汽被称为蒸发气（BOGBOG）To maintain tank pressure BOG should be continuously To maintain tank pressure BOG should be continuously removed from the tankre
35、moved from the tank为保持储罐压力，应不断除去罐内为保持储罐压力，应不断除去罐内BOGBOGBOG HandlingBOG HandlingBOGBOG处理处理BOG is continuously sucked-off from the tank by the BOG is continuously sucked-off from the tank by the BOG CompressorsBOG Compressors通过通过BOGBOG压缩机将压缩机将BOGBOG不断地从储罐内吸除不断地从储罐内吸除BOG disposal can be as follows:BOG
36、disposal can be as follows:BOGBOG处理如下：处理如下：-Compression and discharge to product pipelineCompression and discharge to product pipeline 压缩和排放至生产管线压缩和排放至生产管线-RecondensationRecondensation with minimum flaring with minimum flaring 经过最少燃烧后进行再冷凝经过最少燃烧后进行再冷凝 -Flaring(only during emergency)-Flaring(only dur
37、ing emergency)燃烧（紧急情况下）燃烧（紧急情况下）Cryogenic BOG CompressorCryogenic BOG Compressor低温低温BOGBOG压缩机压缩机High Pressure BOG CompressorHigh Pressure BOG Compressor高压高压BOGBOG压缩机压缩机LNG LP Intank PumpsLNG罐内立式低压液下泵Provided inside pipe columns going all the way down Provided inside pipe columns going all the way do
38、wn into the tankinto the tank在罐内提供从上到下的管柱在罐内提供从上到下的管柱Have specially designed foot valve to prevent reverse Have specially designed foot valve to prevent reverse flowflow专门设计的底阀防止倒流专门设计的底阀防止倒流Usually designed with just enough head to meet NPSH Usually designed with just enough head to meet NPSH requi
39、rement of booster pumpsrequirement of booster pumps压头在设计上通常要满足加压泵的压头在设计上通常要满足加压泵的NPSHNPSH要求要求This This minimisesminimises power requirement limiting the power requirement limiting the contribution to tank boil-offcontribution to tank boil-off这既降低了能耗要求又减少了罐内蒸发这既降低了能耗要求又减少了罐内蒸发LNG HP Booster PumpsLNG
40、HP Booster PumpsLNGLNG高压加压泵高压加压泵Taking suction from Taking suction from IntankIntank Pumps and feeding into the Pumps and feeding into the vapourizersvapourizers通过罐内立式液下泵抽取介质并输送给气化器通过罐内立式液下泵抽取介质并输送给气化器Head determined by Head determined by vapourizervapourizer back pressure back pressure压头由气化器背压决定压头由
41、气化器背压决定Redundancy required for both Redundancy required for both IntankIntank pumps and HP pumps and HP booster pumps based on turn-down requirementsbooster pumps based on turn-down requirements基于可调要求，罐内立式液下泵和高压增压泵的备用要求基于可调要求，罐内立式液下泵和高压增压泵的备用要求 RecondenserRecondenser cum Separator cum Separator再凝与分离
42、器再凝与分离器Used for absorption of high pressure BOG in cold Used for absorption of high pressure BOG in cold low pressure LNGlow pressure LNG用于吸收低温低压用于吸收低温低压LNGLNG中的高压中的高压BOGBOGAlso used to separate excess gas from liquid and Also used to separate excess gas from liquid and route to flareroute to flare也
43、用于从液相中分离出额外气相并输至火炬也用于从液相中分离出额外气相并输至火炬Designed on the principle of Designed on the principle of vapourvapour scrubber scrubber plus plus vapourvapour-liquid separator-liquid separator根据气相洗涤器及汽液分离器原理设计根据气相洗涤器及汽液分离器原理设计再凝器LNG LNG VapourizersVapourizersLNGLNG气化器气化器 Three types ORV,IFV and SCVThree types
44、 ORV,IFV and SCV三种类型三种类型-ORV-ORV、IFVIFV和和SCVSCV ORV Open Rack ORV Open Rack VapourizerVapourizerORV ORV 开架式开架式气化器气化器 Uses sea water to Uses sea water to vapourizevapourize the LNG from low temperature to the LNG from low temperature to saturated saturated vapourvapour condition corresponding to outl
45、et pressure condition corresponding to outlet pressure采用海水将采用海水将LNGLNG从低温气化成符合外输压力要求的饱和蒸气从低温气化成符合外输压力要求的饱和蒸气 IFV Intermediate Fluid IFV Intermediate Fluid VapourizerVapourizerIFV IFV 中间流体式中间流体式气化器气化器 IFV is used with sea water as primary heating medium and IFV is used with sea water as primary heati
46、ng medium and Intermediate fluid as secondary heating mediumIntermediate fluid as secondary heating mediumIFVIFV采用海水作为初步加热介质，然后采用中间流体作为加热介采用海水作为初步加热介质，然后采用中间流体作为加热介质质 ORV SchematicORV SchematicORV-ORV-示意图示意图ORV PhotoORV PhotoORV-ORV-图片图片IFV SchematicIFV SchematicIFV-IFV-示意图示意图IFV PhotoIFV PhotoIFV-I
47、FV-图片图片Natural Gas SuperheatingNatural Gas Superheating天然气过热天然气过热 This is achieved in SCVThis is achieved in SCV通过通过SCVSCV方式实现方式实现 SCV Submerged Combustion SCV Submerged Combustion VapourizerVapourizerSCV SCV 浸没燃烧式气化器浸没燃烧式气化器 Uses gas to burn and heat a water bath where saturated natural gas from Us
48、es gas to burn and heat a water bath where saturated natural gas from ORV/IFV is superheated to pipeline conditionsORV/IFV is superheated to pipeline conditions采用气体燃料加热水套炉，使其中通过采用气体燃料加热水套炉，使其中通过ORV/IFVORV/IFV产生的饱和天然气过热，满产生的饱和天然气过热，满足管线传输条件足管线传输条件 Major portion of the LNG goes through ORV/IFV.Only a
49、small portion is Major portion of the LNG goes through ORV/IFV.Only a small portion is routed thru SCV for precision control of natural gas temperaturerouted thru SCV for precision control of natural gas temperatureLNGLNG的大部分经过的大部分经过ORV/IFVORV/IFV，只有一小部分通过，只有一小部分通过SCVSCV输送以实现对天然气温度输送以实现对天然气温度的精确控制的精
50、确控制 In places where sea water temperature is very low,only In places where sea water temperature is very low,only SCVsSCVs are used.are used.Likely choice for Likely choice for DalianDalian and Tang Shan terminals and Tang Shan terminals在海水温度很低的地方，仅采用在海水温度很低的地方，仅采用SCVSCV。对大连和唐山接收站可能比较合适。对大连和唐山接收站可能比