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1、大学英语四级考试写作篇写作篇试卷要求试卷要求lDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.l1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该lHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?评分原则评分原则 l1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语
2、教学大纲的四级和六级教学要求,对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。l2.CET作文题采用总体评分(GlobalScoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(RewardScores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。l3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。l3.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。评分标
3、准评分标准v1.短文写作部分满分为15分。v2.阅卷标准共分五等:14分、11分、8分、5分、及2分。各有标准样卷一至二份。v3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照参照卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分),但不得加或减半分。评分标准评分标准l14分切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。(漂漂亮亮)l11分切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。(清清楚楚)l8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。(马马虎虎)l5分基
4、本切题。表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。(稀里糊涂)l2分条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。(一塌糊涂)字数不足应酌情扣分字数不足应酌情扣分累计字数CET-41101191001099099808970796069505949CET-61401491301391201291101091001099099808979扣分12345679各档作文相当于百分制的得分各档作文相当于百分制的得分作文分15141312111098得分率10094878074676054作文分76543210得分率4740342720147014 points Thes
5、edaysmanyparentstendtomakealldecisionsfortheirchildrenforfearthattheymightdosomethingwrong.Theparentspurposeisquiteclear:toprotecttheirkidsfrompossiblefailures.Butthispracticeturnsouttomaketheirchildrenincreasinglydependentonthem.Fortheirchildrensfuturedevelopment,parentsshouldhelpthemtobeindependen
6、t.Theearliertheytakemeasurestodoso,themorebenefittheirchildrenwillget.Parentsshouldfirstteachtheirchildrenhowtomakeplan,anindispensableskillfortheirfuturesurvival.Parentsshouldalsogivetheirchildrenmorefreedom,amusttochildrensindependence.Ifthechildrenonlyfollowrulessetbytheirparents,theywillnevergai
7、nthesenseofindependence.Mostimportantly,parentsshouldbeopentodifferentideasfromtheirchildren.Ifchildrenfeelthattheirideasarewelllistenedtoandrespected,theywillbecomemoreconfident.Tosumup,parentsshouldprovidetheirchildrenwithplan-makingskill,freedomandrespect.Inthisway,childrenwillgrowmoreindependent
8、.11 points Nowadays,manyparentsdoeverythingfortheirchildren.Theycookmealsandwashclothesfortheirchildren.Andtheyevenmakeallthechoicesfortheirchildren.Everythinghasdonebytheparentsandthechildrenwilldonothingbutfollowingtheparentsdecisions.Inordertohelpchildrentobeindependent,parentsshouldfollowingthes
9、uggestionsgivenbelow.First,letchildrendosomehousework,suchaswashingdishesandcleaningrooms.Theseworkswillnottaketoomuchtime,buttheyaresuitableforchildrentolearntoliveindependently.Second,givethechancetomanagethefamily.Asafamilymember,childshouldknowhowtomanagethefamily.Andtheparentsshouldteachthemthi
10、skindofskills.Inthisway,childrencanlearnthenecessaryabilitiestoliveontheirown.Andmostimportant,givemorefreedomtochildrenandletthemmaketheirownchoice.Onlyinthiswaycanchildrengrowuphealthily.8 pointsNowadays,manyparentsdoeverythingfortheirchildren.Therearemanyreasonsforparentstodothat.Thefirstoneistha
11、ttheylovetheirchildrenandwantthemlivebetter.Thesecondoneisthattheythinktheywoulddoeverythingbetterthantheirchildren.Allthesethingsmakesthechildrendontknowhowtolivewithoutparents.Theydontknowhowtobeindependent.Whattheparentsdohaveareallybadeffecttotheirchildren.Sotheyshouldtryanotherway.Theyshouldtea
12、chtheirchildrenhowtodothingsinsteadofdoingthingsforthem.Then,theyshouldletthechildrenknowthattheywouldleaveonedayandchildrenmustlivebythemselves.Sothechildrenhavetolearntolivealonewhenitisnottoolate.Nextparentsshouldputitintopractice.Theymaycreatmorechanceforchildrentolivealonewhenchildrenareyoung.I
13、fparentsdowellintheseways,theirchildrenwillsurelyknowhowtobeindependent.5 pointsRecentyears,atopicofhowshouldparentshelpchildrentobeindependent,whichhasarousedwidelypublicattention.AsfarasIamconcernedthatisrightinasense,whichparentsdoeverythingsfortheirchildren.Becauseofthechildrenisparentssallthing
14、s.However,Iamfavorofparentsshouldhelpchildrentobeindependentassoonaspossible.Howshouldparentshelptheirchildrentobeindependent.Inmyopinion,parentsshouldbelievetheirchildrenfirst.Parentsshouldbecertainwiththeirchildrencanrecognizethetrueorfaultandrightorwrongofsomething.Secondly,parentshadbesttoletthe
15、irchildrentorelizetheresponsityofhimselfandthefamily.Inaddition,parentsalsoneedtoconnectwiththeirchildrenandknowaboutwhatchildrenisdoingrecently.Bydoingso,childrenmaymakemistakeevenlosttheirwayandsoon.However,dontworried,parents.Yourchildrenmustbesucceedfromtheirexperience.2 points Intheworld,howman
16、ypeopleisveryhappy?Becausetheyarehasparents,friends,teachersandsoon.Theyaretakesmuchloveforthem.Sotheyareveryhappy.Inpresent,parentsaredoingmuchmoreanythingfortheirchildrens.Includinganythinginthehome.Forexample,theirclothes,theirdinner,theirfriendsandsoon.Intheschool,theirparentstakesthemforschoolb
17、ycar,bybikeandonfoot.Fortheirchildrensafe.Todayschildrendontdoanythingexcepttheirparents.Forchildrenaloneintheworld.Forchildrendoinganythingaloneintheworld.Parentsmakesdoexchangethemselves.Parentsarentdoanythingfortheirchildren.Theycandosomethingbythemselves.Theycanwiththeirfriendstogotoschool,tobuy
18、somethinginthestoryanssoonparentsshouldnotupset.Allowtheirchildrensdoingthemselves.Parentsshoulddoanythingfortheirchildrens,butdoesntdoallthethingsfortheirchildren.写作五步骤 l英语写作的一般步骤为审题、立意、提纲、草稿以及修改等五步。任何文章都不是一蹴而就的,必须循序渐进,经过这五个步骤,从准备到动笔,到最后完稿,每一步都要细心谨慎,只有这样,写出来的文章才符合题目的要求。一、审题 l审题的任务,就在于明确文章的主题和写作的内容,
19、找到贯穿全文的纲。具体而言,审题过程应完成以下三点任务:l()理解命题的基本要求,对于提供关键词或提纲的作文,应确定各个关键词或各个要点之间的逻辑联系;()确定采用的文体,是记叙文、描写文、说明文,还是议论文;()确定写作的内容,是写人、记事,还是议论;是解释现象,还是讲道理、论是非。例例1lDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicElectricityandOurDailyLife.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourco
20、mpositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:l电的用途:提供动力/照明/日常生活。l假如没有电:生产/生活,都会受到影响。l因此,我们要节约用电。SamplelElectricityisessentialinourdailylife.Itrunsthemachinesinfactories.Itstartsthevehiclesandlightthestreetsandrooms.Withit,wecanwatchTV,listentothetaperecorder,cookmealsorstorefoodinthefridge.Inaword,ith
21、elpsusalotinourdailylife.lIftherewerenoelectricity,allthemachineswouldstopworking.Atnight,itwouldbeverydark.Wewouldhavetowashourclotheswithourhands.Studentswoulduseoillampstodotheirhomework.Wewouldliveasourancestorsdidcenturiesago.lTherefore,electricityisveryimportanttous.Ourlifecannotgoonwithoutit,
22、nottomentiontheconstructionofourcountry.Ourcountryisshortofelectricity,now.So,everybodyshouldtrytosaveit.例例2lDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicAnannouncementforavoluntaryprogram.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninC
23、hinese)below:l1校学生会组织一次暑假志愿活动,现招聘志愿者l2本次志愿者活动目的内容及安排l3报名条件和联系方式二、立意:l立意就是确定文章的中心思想。当我们拿到题目,经过审题这一步骤,了解了文章题目所包含的所有信息之后,就要对主题进行确定,将与主题有关的信息、事实排列成序,考虑从不同角度、用不同事实来进一步说明、解释、丰富主题。例例3 lDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCreateaGreenCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120word
24、sandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:l1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该 SamplelItisofgreatimportancetomakeandmaintainagreencampusinouruniversityorcollege.Obviously,agrowingnumberofpeoplearebeginningtorealizethatitisourdutytodothatinthepresentdays,sincetheconceptof“
25、agreenworld”hasbecomethefocusofthesociety.lTheideaof“agreencampus”isbeyondagreenenvironment.Tobeginwith,thedevelopmentonthecampusistobesustainableandrecyclable.Someoftheauthoritiesbudgetshouldbeonhowtoreduceofthewaste.Whatsmore,wedbetterbeawareoftheseriousnessofpollutionaroundus.Thustheideaofenviron
26、mentalprotectionmaybecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.lItisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentoprotectourcampusfromwasteandpollutionandhencetheseactivitiesaretoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Certainly,thereislittledoubtthatfurtherconsiderationmustbepaidtoourgreencampus
27、es.三、提纲:l作文之前的提纲就好比是建筑师建造房屋时所使用的图纸设计,为整个工作过程提供一个全面的框架。这样在写作过程中,可以依照所列提纲有步骤地进行。一般来说,每一层提纲就是每一个段落的主题,这样就可以帮助确定各层次之间的逻辑关系。例例4lDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTryingtoBeAGoodUniversityStudent.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutl
28、ine(giveninChinese)below:l.做合格大学生的必要性l.做合格大学生的必备条件(可以从德智体方面谈)l.我计划这样做Outlinel.Itisverynecessarytobeagooduniversitystudent.(议论体的主题句)l.Thereareseveralrespectsofnecessitiestobeagooduniversitystudent.(说明体的主题句)l.WhatIwilldointhefutureisthefollowing.(描述体主题句)四、初稿 l拟好了提纲之后,就开始进行写作了。这是一个遣词造句,连句成篇,将不同信息组合排列的过
29、程。在这一过程中,作者要对所确定的主题进行进一步的发挥和充实,运用已有的英文基础,将自己的思想表达出来。在初稿的写作过程中,一定要注意以所拟定的提纲为指导,注意语言表达的正确性和流畅性。要求:要求:l书写整洁l避免错误l开门见山l有闪光点TrafficinBigCitieslTraffichasbecomeasocialprobleminbigcities.Ofcourse,haveacarisagoodthing,butifeverypersonownacar,thestreetswillbecametoocrowded.So,trafficjamsoccurredduringtherush
30、hoursandaccidentshappenedmoreoften.lOnewaytosolvethisproblemisdeveloppublictransportationsystem.Forexample,weshouldbuymorebusesandweshouldbuiltmoreroads,especiallyround-the-cityroadsAndundergroundtrainsisalsoagoodsolution.Anotherwayistoreducethebigcityspopulation.lOurcountrypopulationcontrolisawisea
31、ndnecessarypolicy.Ifbigcitypeoplereduce,trafficwilllesscrowded.五、修改 l写出来的初稿往往在语法、用词乃至文章的结构上都会有这样那样的问题,需要做一些修改。修改的步骤修改的步骤l首先,应该作语篇结构上的检查。这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确,篇章层次是否明显,段落衔接是否连贯,内容是否切题,论述是否充分,描述是否具体,推理是否合乎逻辑等。一般来说,在整体结构上不应有大的问题,因为已经做了仔细的审题,有了详细的提纲指导。l其次,具体检查每个段落。这一步主要检查段落是否完善,中心是否突出,论证是否有力,细节安排是否有条理,段内各句是否衔
32、接紧凑等。l最后,是作语法上的检查,包括用词是否恰当,标点是否正确,句子结构是否完整,语句是否通顺等。语法上的检查虽然是检查步骤中的最后一步,但也是相当重要的一步,因为过多或较严重的语法错误同样会影响到最后的得分,而且,还有一个相当重要的原则(在本章第三节讲造句时还会强调的),就是通常一个意思有若干种表达方式,应当尽量从中选取最为恰当的一种。写作时间分配写作时间分配l审题、立意并列出提纲(约5分钟)l动笔写:(约20分钟)(1)切题(2)干净整洁(3)少犯错误(4)开门见山(5)闪光点l交卷前检查(约5分钟)(1)拼写错误(2)语法错误等四六级考试作文题型分析四六级考试作文题型分析出现频率最高
33、的三种作文类型 四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性,基四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性,基本可以分为两大类:本可以分为两大类:1.贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材的校园题材 2.论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。进步的热点话题。l1.RecreationalActivities(2008.6)l2.WhatElectivestoChoose(2007.12)l3.WelcometoOurClub(2007.6)l4.VolunteersNeeded(2006.6)l5.ShouldtheUniversityCampusB
34、eOpentoTourist?(2005.12)l6.TeachersDay(2005.6)l7.ACampaignSpeech(2005.1)l8.ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction(2004.6)l9.ALetterinReplytoaFriend(2004.1)校园题材校园题材l关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下:关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下:1.LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags(2008.12)2.SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV(2006.12)3.HowShouldPa
35、rentsHelpChildrentobeIndependent?(2010)1).目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2).为了让孩子独立,父母应该四级作文命题透析社会热点话题社会热点话题l健康:l1身体健康-health:physical:-keepfit;wellbeing(emotional/physical/psychological)2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90l2心理健康:psychologically,mentally:independent,cooperative,competitive,considerate,confident,
36、creative,sociable,selfish,isolated,conservative-2009.12(绿色校园不仅指绿色环境)/2007.12/2007.06参加社团缓解压力l教育与娱乐:recreation,relax,entertainment;cultivate,foster,enlighten,giveinspirationto,motivate,expandoneshorizon,l促进学生身心发展:promotethestudentsphysical,intellectualandemotionaldevelopment(well-rounded/versatile)mo
37、uldonescharacter;lteamspirit2009.06(博物馆免费开放的目的)-2008.06(娱乐使人们受益)/2007.12(学生选课不同原因)/2007.06(参加社团的好处)/2006.12(看春晚)l方便VS效率:l2008.12一次性塑料袋广泛使用/2002.06计算机普及程度/2002.01食堂服务/1994.01现代化交通工具发达./1991.01-自行车在中国这样普及l2006.06学生自由选择教师方便学生,提高办学的效率l节省和浪费:savetime/money/space;economical,thrift;wastetime/money/space;co
38、stlyl2009.06博物馆作为教育资源/2008.12塑料袋使用/2004.01报考专业理由(人才浪费)2002.01-对食堂批评;l2000.01上大学费用(takingapart-timejobease/alleviatefamilyfinancialburdenl1996.01双休日可能给大学生带来的问题l1998.01假冒伪劣商品对个人(浪费金钱)l环境环境:environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty,contamination,detrimentalto,sustainabledevelopment;l2009.12/2009.06公共设施环境维护(图
39、片)/2008.12preserveenvironment/2007.06社团主要内容环保组织”healtheworld”l2005.12校园是否对游客开放/1990.06-城市绿化l安全和危险安全和危险:safe,danger,risk2009.06(公共场所存在安全隐患)/2008.06/98.01假冒伪劣产品安全隐患/97.06大学生了解社会的必要性(社会的险恶,陷阱trap)/96.01双休日带来的问题travel;l经验经验:workingexperience,socialexperience,enterthesociety;practicalexperience;associate
40、theorywithpractice;(interpersonal skills)l2007.12开设选修课目的/2007.06社团的好处:expandoneshorizon;enlargeourknowledge;/2005.01具备胜任学生会主席的条件/2001.01-取得面试成功的因素/l97.06大学生了解社会的必要性l四级作文从试题角度可以分为现象解释型、问解释型、问题解决型题解决型和应用文应用文三种类型。四六级命题组总结在这三种类型当中,现象解释型的考试几率最高,考生需特别注意。下面具体解释这三种类型:一、一、现象解释型现象解释型l命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论。
41、让我们来看下历年四级作文命题:l2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题l1.建设绿色校园很重要l2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境l3.为了建设绿色校园,我们应该lCreatingaGreenCampusl从本题的结构来看,正好符合我们的现象解释类型,指出建设绿色校园这一现象很重要,然后叙述建设绿色校园的意义,最后为建设绿色校园提出良好建议。综上所述,我们可以把其基本结构归纳如下:l基本结构是:首先说明现状;其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因;最后做出分析,提出建议或总结观点。l写作方法为:描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。l同样2008年6月21日英语四级考试试题也
42、是现象解释型,请看其具体要求:l1.娱乐活动多种多样l2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益,也可能有危害性l3.作为大学生,我的看法l再看2010年6月的四级真题,类型竟会有惊人的相似性:l1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写l2.出现这种情况的原因l3.这种现象导致的结果l这些都很好的提醒了广大英语四级考生什么是四级作文考试中的重点,这种同类型考题还有:二、二、问题解决型问题解决型l此类作文要求考生从提示性文字或图表、图画入手,解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题,提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性;然后对问题展开分析,提出解决问题的方案或应对措施;最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等。l同
43、样我们也来看如下四级,就能得出此类型解题方案:l2009年6月英语四级考试l1.越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么?l2.也会带来一些问题l3.你的看法?l基本方法为:提出问题分析问题解决问题。l写作方法为:分析所给情景选择写作方法。如2000年1月真题。Topic sentence1.With the development/improvement of,。2.It is necessary that。3.On the one hand,。4.On the other hand,5.Therefore,how to is worth paying attention。6.Firstly
44、7.Secondly8.For example,9.Thirdly,。10.In other words,5.Therefore,how to is worth paying attention。6.Firstly1.空格一处铺垫,空格二处填写某空格一处铺垫,空格二处填写某一问题。一问题。2.关注解决现象引出的问题很必要。关注解决现象引出的问题很必要。3.解决问题很必要的理由一。解决问题很必要的理由一。4.解决问题很必要的理由二。解决问题很必要的理由二。5.承上启下,填要解决的问题。承上启下,填要解决的问题。6.解决办法一。解决办法一。7 解决办法二。解决办法二。8.举例解释解决办法二。举例解
45、释解决办法二。9.解决办法三。解决办法三。10.阐明解决办法三。阐明解决办法三。11.指出解决问题的办法多种多样。指出解决问题的办法多种多样。12.强调解决问题时不可待。强调解决问题时不可待。三、三、应用文应用文l这类文体与日常生活比较贴近。书信的类型可能变化万千,如邀请信、申请信、感谢信、道歉信等,但是万变不离其宗,只要掌握了英语书信的格式,并应用恰当的句式和语句,就一定能够写出好的文章来。l需要提醒考生注意的是应用文在六级考试中的出现几率要比四级大,所以四级的考生重点应该放在前两种,尤其是第一种。建议建议l1.建议分解作文观点,扩充内容。l2.建议在写作时只选择自己能够驾奴的句式和词语。l
46、3.建议在文章中长短句搭配使用,用短句表达观点,长句推理分析。l4.建议选用作文模板,限定文章逻辑结构。写作建议写作建议用词是否恰当,准确,形象,关用词是否恰当,准确,形象,关键词是否换用,切勿老用重复词键词是否换用,切勿老用重复词lGoodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive;lGoodbeneficial,advantageous,helpful;excellent,outstanding;lBadundesirable/mindless/worthless;Badharmful,baneful,detrimentallLots
47、 ofahostof,avastnumberof(可数名词),agreatdealof,avastamountof(不可数名词)-substantial;considerable;heaps of lImportantcrucial,vital,significant,key;P4;indispensable/integral;ldesire替换wantlpourattentioninto替换payattentiontolbearinmindthat替换rememberl促进/提高/增强/改善giveaboost to/enhance/motivate/better/promote角色与功能角
48、色与功能lPlayanimportant(active,major,central,crucial,essential,integral,prominent,vital)rolelPlayabigpart-lTakealeadingpart-允许与阻止lMakepossible电脑的使用促使人们在家上班:Theuseofcomputersandotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.Enable,encourage,entitlel谈中国的老年人如何受到社会的尊重适用于个人/社会类话题l
49、InChina,respectforseniorcitizensisshowninthefactthattheyare entitled tomanypublicservicesfreeofcharge.Stop,keep,prevent,prohibitl太多的学业压力对学生的负面影响lToomuchacademicpressuredeprivesyoungstudentsof theopportunitytotakepartinanyextracurricularactivitiesandpreventthemfromenjoyingtheirschoolyears.(hinder-obs
50、tructhedge)lDepriveprivilege;-shelterpensioncompensate;-courtesy;lIncreasing(ly),growing替换moreandmore(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用lincreasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.lsthhasgainedgrowingpopularity.lSthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.l非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/remarkably/sign