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1、ICC Topics coveredContrasting cultural valuesVerbal language problemsNonverbal misunderstandingDifferent communication stylesCultural influences in social customs and education etc.第1页/共34页Useful but limited applications of theory and model of ICCUseful because they serve as reference points of comp
2、arisonLimited because as soon as they are identified,they tend to highlight only those that are distinguishable by those parameters.We must guard against the temptation to either oversimplify or overemphasize cultural differences.We should be alert to the dangers of stereotyping cultural or national
3、 characteristics.第2页/共34页Home culture and host culture Individuals enter an unfamiliar culture with the culture communication competence that they have internalized in their home country.The internalized cultural imprinting that governs individuals identity and behavior remains largely unrecognized,
4、unquestioned,and unchanged until they encounter people with different cultural attributes.Y.Y.Kim 1988第3页/共34页Cultural adaptation People may have certain mental,emotional and physical discomfort.One has to adapt ones behavior to the customs and expectations of the host country.This is not to deny on
5、es own culture but to respect that of others.Remain open in order to become aware of similarities and differences,to learn rather than to judge.第4页/共34页Culture shock People usually experience many emotions while adapting to a foreign culture,changing from excitement and interest in the new culture t
6、o depression and fear of the unknown.The difficulties experienced as you integrate into a new society can be a result of culture shock-the early adaptation phase of transition into a new culture.第5页/共34页Early adaptation culture shockCulture shock is first defined by anthropologist Oberg as“precipita
7、ted by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse”.Culture shock is almost like a disease:it has a cause,symptoms,and a cure.第6页/共34页People usually go through 4/5stages the U/W-curve(p.261-262)Honeymoon phaseRejection phaseRegression phase Recovery
8、phase/at-ease-at-last phase re-entry phase/reverse culture shock/return culture shock第7页/共34页Suggestions about culture shockThere is a risk of sickness or emotional problems in many of the phases of culture shockBecause culture shock occurs over a period of time,you may not always realize that its s
9、tages are temporary.The best thing to do is to Admit that you are experiencing culture shocktry to identify your stage of culture shockwork toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.第8页/共34页Culture shock-In a positive senseExperiencing culture shock has a strong potential to make people mul
10、ticultural or bicultural.Adjusting to a foreign culture,and living through difficult times of change can be a satisfying experience.You will become a much stronger person.第9页/共34页Long-term cultural adaptation Beyond the early adaptation experience of culture shock lies the process of long-term cultu
11、ral adaptation.The process by which one culture is modified or changed through contact with or exposure to another culture.Acculturation a learning socialization process,discovering Interpersonal relationsThe effects of prolonged culture contact How well individuals adapt to new cultural behaviors第1
12、0页/共34页Stress-adaptation-growth model(Kim,1988)Kim proposes that adaptation is an acculturation but progressive series of positive and negative experiences.There may be two steps forward and one step back as we move toward adaptation.Pictured as a coiled spring,which stretches and grows but is pulle
13、d back by its own tension,the stress-adaptation-growth dynamic ultimately depicts adaptation in the new culture.The ten axioms(p.264)第11页/共34页Differences in long-term adaptation Long-term adaptation or acculturation does not occur in everyones life in the same way.Some people are motivated to accult
14、urate,while others are not.第12页/共34页Challenges for intercultural communicationRecognize the dynamics of the cultural adaptation and acculturation factors and apply these principlesPersonal competenciesCommunication accommodation to meaningful relationships第13页/共34页Tips for developing IC adaptation s
15、kills(I)Learn the language by using it.Language is your key to involvement in your new culture.Dont assume that you know everything about what is happening around you.Listen and observe carefully,paying special attention to nonverbal clues that give insight into the process of cross-cultural communi
16、cation Observe and describe,but accept others on their integrity before evaluating.第14页/共34页Tips for developing IC adaptation skills(II)To emphasize means to put yourself in the other persons place and look at the situation from his/her perspective.Recognize that your anxiety is natural.Communicatio
17、n and adjustment across cultures is not easy.There is often a stress factor involved in interaction between people from different cultures.Openness,willingness to take risks and the ability to laugh at ones mistakes can help you deal productively with anxiety.第15页/共34页Tips for developing IC adaptati
18、on skills(III)Be honest.If you are confused about something or if misunderstandings arise,it is usually best to admit your confusion rather than pretend that everything is all right.Become involved.Show your willingness to learn about the people and culture by participating in the daily life of your
19、 community.第16页/共34页Improving IC competencePersons who are successful in terms of intercultural communication avoid relying on cultural stereotypes;rather they approach people from other cultures as individuals first.Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will r
20、esult in more efficient communication.第17页/共34页Definition of intercultural communication competenceIC competence is considered very broadly as an impression that behavior is appropriate and effective in a given context.Competence cannot inhere in the behavior or ability itself.It must be viewed a so
21、cial evaluation of behavior.Two primary criteriaAppropriatenessEffectiveness 第18页/共34页Criteria for IC competenceAppropriateness means that the valued rules,norms and expectances of the relationships are not violated significantly.Effectiveness is the accomplishment of valued goals or rewards relativ
22、e to costs and alternatives.Only the international businessperson who is both simultaneously appropriate and effective seems to meet the requirements of the optimal IC business communicator.第19页/共34页Young Yun Kim s Intercultural Communication competence modelIC competence involves the ability to com
23、municate in all types of encounters.It entails the ability to manage various differences between communicators,cultural or otherwisedeal with the accompanying uncertainty and stress.It can be divided into three interrelated categories of components,which are cognitive,affective,and operational 第20页/
24、共34页Cognitive componentsKnowledge of host communication systemLanguage-linguistic&pragmaticNon-verbal codes-a repertoire of ritualizations in the target cultures communication practicesCultural understanding A general and deep understanding of the cultural and sub-cultural milieu-historical,politica
25、l,religious practices,values,attitudes,beliefsCognitive complexity Have developed a psychological orientation and the ability to identify the nuance and subtleness of the C1&C2第21页/共34页Affective componentsAdaptation motivation self-motivation of adaptation willingness or the emotional and motivation
26、al drives towards the target culture.Identity flexibilityWillingness to make some changes in original cultural habits.Engender greater openness and lessen prejudicial criticism toward new cultural experiences so that the personal and social goals would be met.Aesthetic co-orientation The ability to
27、put oneself in anothers shoesBe better able to empathize with the cultural products,including art,music,sports,everyday experience of fun,joy,humor,and happiness,anger,frustration,and disappointment.第22页/共34页Operational components the ability to express ones cognitive and affective experiences outwa
28、rdly Technical skillsBasic language skills,job skills,and academic skills,Synchronybehave in a synchronized manner so as to communicate with the natives in ways that are compatible and harmonious.ResourcefulnessThe ability to reconcile cultural differences and come up with creative action plans to s
29、olve various problems and to accomplish personal and social goals.第23页/共34页Linking cognitive,affective and operational componentsThe three facets of intercultural communication competence are inseparable in reality.Altogether,they shape the overall capacity to participate in the cross-cultural commu
30、nication activities.Their interrelatedness is very important in the improvement of the communicators intercultural communication competence.第24页/共34页Four step approach to intercultural training(Brislin 1994)Raise awarenessObtain knowledgeEnhance motivation Master skills第25页/共34页Raise awarenessSelf-a
31、warenessBecoming aware of the way their own lives have been shaped by their cultureLearning to respect and being sensitive to culturally different others.Consciousness of ones values and biases and their effectsHelp people monitor their ethnocentrismNecessity of becoming comfortable with differences
32、Not being afraid to recognize and admit that there are cultural differences.Feeling comfortable with the awareness that they may not be able to behave according to other values.Sensitivity to circumstances第26页/共34页Obtain knowledgeKnowledge refers to the cognitive information you need to have about t
33、he people,the context,and the norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture.Without such knowledge,it is unlikely that you will interpret correctly the meanings of other peoples messages,you will be able to select behaviors that are appropriate and that allow you to achieve your object
34、ives.第27页/共34页Culture-general and cultural specific knowledgeCulture general knowledge refers to specific theories or themes that are commonly encountered in intercultural interactions regardless of cultures involved.Providing insights into the ICC process abstractlyCulture specific knowledge refers
35、 to customs,etiquettes,and rules that are specific to the various cultures.Information used to understand a particular culture.第28页/共34页Enhance motivation Different aspects of emotional terrain contribute to the achievement of intercultural competence.Including feelings and intentionsFeelings involv
36、e your general sensitivity to other cultures and your attitudes towards the specific culture and individuals with whom you must interact.Intentions refers to the goals,plans,objectives and desires that focus and guide your choices in a particular IC interaction If your intentions are positive,accura
37、te,and reciprocated by the people with whom you are interacting,your intercultural competences will likely be enhanced.第29页/共34页Master skillsUnderstanding IC theories and concepts in IC does not automatically lead to culturally sensitive behaviors.People who are aware,emotionally prepared,and knowle
38、dgeable about intercultural issues are not necessarily competent communicators until they also have practiced the appropriate skills.Cultural general skills and cultural specific skills 第30页/共34页Cultural general skillsThe ability to tolerate ambiguity,manage stress,establish realistic expectations,d
39、emonstrate flexibility and empathy第31页/共34页Cultural specificCultural specific skills cover a large area,which can be trained and developed through everyday lives and business practices.第32页/共34页IC competence requires sufficient AwarenessKnowledge MotivationsSkills Each of these components alone is insufficient to achieve IC competence.第33页/共34页感谢您的观看！第34页/共34页