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1、一、四级作文的要求及写作方法一、四级作文的要求及写作方法四四、六六级级考考试试作作文文多多以以主主题题句句作作文文和和中中文文提提示示作作文文题题为为主主。前前者者是是要要求求根根据据所所给给的的段段落落主主题题句句结结合合作作文文题题写写出出各各段段内内容容，后后者者则则要要求求按按给给出出的的中中文文提提示示先先拟拟好好段段落落主主题题句句，然然后后再再完完成成作作文文各各段段落落。这这两两种种形形式式的的作作文文体体裁裁均均为为论论说说文文和和说说明明文文。要要求求考考生生能能就就给给定定的的话话题题进进行行描描述述，讨讨论论，分分析析利利弊弊，说说明明原原因因，提提出出解解决决问问题题
2、的的办办法法或或阐阐明明自自己己的的观观点点，谈谈谈谈本本人人的的打打算算等等。因因为为出出题题的的思思路路和和话话题题不不同同，各各段段落落的的写写作作方方法法也也有有差差别别。但但总总的的来来说说，要要写写好好段落，必须首先了解主题句在段落中的作用。段落，必须首先了解主题句在段落中的作用。主主题题句句是是论论说说文文或或说说明明文文段段落落中中阐阐明明段段落落中中心心思思想想或或主主要要内内容容的的核核心心句句子子，对对全全段段的的论论述述起起着着宏宏观观指指导导和和限限制制作作用用,是是构构成成英英语语段段落落的的重重要要手手段段。主主题题句句的的特特点点是是意意思思较较为概括和笼统。为
3、概括和笼统。例如：例如：1.主题句基本概念主题句基本概念If a person expects to do things successfully,he should first of all have confidence.It is the confidence that enables a person to face the obstacles or drawback that stand in his way.In fact,one can hardly accomplish anything if he has doubt about his ability in whatever
4、 he does.When ones confidence is shaken,he tends to become discouraged and depressed when tackling a problem,and chances are that he may fail to do what he could.In contrast,a person who never loses heart will succeed in what seems impossible.此此段段的的第第一一句句即即是是主主题题句句。指指出出 “成成功功必必须须要要有有自自信信心心”。而而该该主主题题
5、句句的的内内涵涵（为为什什么么自自信信心心往往往往可可以以决决定定成成败败），则则由由该该段段其它句子来进一步说明。其它句子来进一步说明。主主题题句句由由两两个个部部分分构构成成；一一部部分分是是Topic (该该段段要要讨讨论论的的话话题题)，另另一一部部分分是是 Controlling Idea (围围绕绕话话题题待待展展开开的的内内容容)。例如：例如：2.主题句的结构主题句的结构If an English learner really wants to have a good command of the English Language,he should first of all l
6、earn how to speak the language.But some people hold that the ability in speaking English seems to be not so important.并非所有句子都能充当主题句。例如：并非所有句子都能充当主题句。例如：0Everyone knows that October 1st is our National Day.0The book costs me twenty Yuan.0He is reading the headlines in the newspaper.这些句子难以展开话题，或者是简单的事
7、实陈述，因此不能作为主题句。检验主题句有一个较为简便的方法。即针对句子用Why?(待解释)和How?(待描述)设问，如果能够解答，则可基本认定为主题句。如果难以解答，或答案很荒谬，则不是主题句。例如：例如：.Leisure is very important for us.(why?可解答).Happiness means differently to different people.(why?可解答).She told me that I couldnt make progress if I didnt work hard.(why?不必解答).He is my father.(why?不
8、可解答)了解了主题句的概念和作用，为写好主题句作文打下了基础。但怎样才能由主题句有效展开段落却是关键所在,也是写好作文的关键。从理论上来说，主题句是段落中最具概括性的句子，后面的句子应该是细节的讨论和描述，但究竟如何展开，不少同学还是不得要领。因而动起笔来大多凭感觉，写得顺手就感觉良好，写得不顺手就勉强对付几句。3.主题句的拓展方式主题句的拓展方式看了别人写得好，也不明白为什么写得这么好。凡事都有一定的规律，做事也讲究一定的方法。方法对头，事情就好办了。下面，介绍几种被实践证明是便于操作的几种主题句的拓展方法。根根据据主主题题句句，先先用用why?(why?(解解释释原原因因)或或 How?H
9、ow?(描描述述细细节节)设设问问，然然后后把把段段落落主主题题句句作作为为一一个个总总的的问问题题以以解解释释、讨讨论论或或描描述述的的方方式式来来给给予予解解答答。实实践践证证明明,作作文文难难写写，但但变变为为回答问题回答问题,则相对容易多了。例：则相对容易多了。例：1)1)1)1)问答法问答法问答法问答法Friends are really important to us.(why?)We are sure to suffer a great deal from loneliness if we have few friends.When we are distressed,we ne
10、ed friends to comfort us.When our friends can share something interesting or pleasurable with us,we will be very happy.If we are in trouble or feel disheartened,we can gather strength from the encouragement of our friends.When we have done something helpful to our friends,we will enjoy the pleasure
11、of devotion.In a sense,friends are just like air and water to peoples life.Everyone Everyone seeks seeks happiness.happiness.But But people people may may have have different different views views on on what what happiness happiness actually actually means.means.(how?)(how?)Some people think that ha
12、ppiness comes from an ideal job,a warm family and an adequate time for leisure.An ideal job will enable a person to demonstrate his ability and enjoy the success in what he does.A warm family will offer a person comfortable environment after work.Enough time for leisure is sure to give one the oppor
13、tunity to do things he is interested in.While in the eyes of some people,only money can bring people with happiness.When a person has a lot of money,he neednt work hard in order to survive.He is able to buy whatever he likes and enjoys a luxurious life.Money can also change a mans social status.Wher
14、ever he goes,the other people will show great respect to the wealthy man.写写好好主主题题句句后后，用用连连锁锁问问答答方方式式完完成成段段落落。这这样样，不不但但把把错错综综复复杂杂的的思思维维表表达达化化解解为为前前后后相相接接的的简简便便的的问问与与答答的的模模式式，以以便便于于有有效效地地展展开开论论述述，而而且且能能有有效效地地保保持持句句子子间间的的连连贯贯性性和和逻辑性。例如：逻辑性。例如：2)2)2)2)穷根究底法：穷根究底法：穷根究底法：穷根究底法：It is generally acknowledged
15、 that writing is an important and practical skill needed by people in different fields.(Why?)Many jobs require the ability to write.(How?)Corporate leaders agree that despite the increasing use of the telephone and the computer,much information must still be communicated in the form of writing.(Any
16、examples?)For example,managers,engineers,sales representatives,and countless others are supposed to write regularly as part of their jobs.(What should they write?)Summaries,reports,proposals,letters,and speeches are required in todays world of work.(so what?)The ability to write,therefore,is a marke
17、table skill,and the individual who is successful in his or her profession is almost always the one who can communicate successfully in writing.根根据据主主题题句句提提出出的的论论点点或或待待讨讨论论的的话话题题从从几几个个不不同同的的角角度度围围绕绕段段落落主主题题展展开开讨讨论论，并并逐逐类类加加以以说说明明。这这样样。便便不不愁愁没没有有内内容容和和缺乏说服力。例如：缺乏说服力。例如：3)3)3)3)分类阐述与逐类说明法分类阐述与逐类说明法分类阐述
18、与逐类说明法分类阐述与逐类说明法Many people take great interest in traveling.(1)Generally,traveling will greatly enrich peoples knowledge.(说明)While traveling,the travelers can get to know the different culture,history and customs of other places.(2)Traveling can also offer people good relaxation.(说明)The green mount
19、ains,beautiful scenic spots and sunny sea beach will free people of anxiety and depression resulted from hard work or competition.(3)Usually,in the course of ones journey,a traveler is likely to make some new friends.(说明)An exchange of greetings,a helping hand and a talk about something interesting
20、will probably build up a long lasting friendship among travelers.人人们们都都习习惯惯用用一一分分为为二二的的方方法法分分析析和和看看待待事事物物。用用这这种种方方法法来来展展开开段段落落，既既便便于于操操作作，也也具具有有较较强强的的逻逻辑辑性性和和说说服服力力。例如：例如：4)4)4)4)两点法两点法两点法两点法I have learned English for almost ten years,but it is difficult for me to have a good command of the language
21、.For one thing,I just learn English by memorizing many rules.Rules are important.But rules dont always tell us how to use English properly in given situation.For another,I fail to understand that the study of a language is to communicate rather than compete for good grades.Admittedly,I have a compar
22、atively large vocabulary,but I often feel at a loss for words when I try to speak or write.In fact,to learn a language is not so difficult,but to apply what one has learned about a language is far from easy.从从反反面面来来论论证证由由主主题题句句提提出出的的观观点点，用用反反面面的的事事实实来来证证明明某某一一观观点点的的正正确确性性，使使自自己己的的论述更有说服力，也利于段落的展开。论述
23、更有说服力，也利于段落的展开。5)5)5)5)反证法反证法反证法反证法People generally believe that a life without leisure is really terrible.A person who works day and night will gradually feel rather tired.This tiredness,if continues for quite long time,tends to depress the person.As a result,he will find his work or even his life
24、become a burden.In the end,he will think that life is meaningless and he tends to become restless or crazy.As we know,“Too much work without play makes Jack a dull boy”.Therefore,no matter how busy a person is,he is supposed to arrange some time for leisure.Leisure is a good medicine that will relax
25、 us and help people get rid of anxiety and oppression from work or life.以以上上介介绍绍的的几几种种方方法法虽虽具具有有较较好好的的可可操操作作性性，必必须须多多加加实实践践，灵灵活活掌掌握握，综综合合运运用用。更更重重要要的的是是，应应注注意意语语言言能能力力的的培培养养和和知知识识的的积积累累，否否则则，所所谓谓的的方方法法和和技技巧巧都都会会无无济济于事。于事。与与主主题题句句作作文文相相比比，中中文文提提示示作作文文更更具具难难度度。因因为为所所给给的的提提示示虽虽提提供供了了一一定定的的思思路路，但但也也限限定定
26、了了范范围围。考考生生可可参参照照提提示示在在某某范范围围内内对对主主题题举举例例说说明明，分分析析讨讨论论，谈谈自自己己的的认认识识和和观观点点等等。但但具具体体写写什什么么内内容容,从从哪哪几几个个方方面面论论述述,却必须自己安排和计划。却必须自己安排和计划。4.中文提示作文中文提示作文写写好好中中文文提提示示作作文文的的关关键键在在于于仔仔细细审审题题，明明了了题题目目要要求求之之后后，第第一一步步是是应应根根据据提提示示的的内内容容先先写写好好段段落落主主题题句句。完完成成了了这这一一步步，下下面面的的事就好办了。事就好办了。写写主主题题句句应应注注意意两两个个问问题题。一一是是相相对
27、对段段落落其其它它句句子子而而言言，主主题题句句应应留留有有发发展展的的余余地地，否否则堵了自己的路，话题难以打开。例如：则堵了自己的路，话题难以打开。例如：(1)Knowledge is very important to us because without knowledge we cant do things well.(2)A good student is one who to studies diligently and often gets high scores.二二是是主主题题句句不不能能太太笼笼统统，否否则则段段落落内内容容就就很难把握，甚至无从下笔。很难把握，甚至无从下
28、笔。It is good for us to read books,but some books are very bad.Everyone dreams to become a great man and win the respect of others.主主题题句句的的表表达达方方式式有有几几种种，可可根根据据作作文文的的内内容容和和自自己己的的造造句句能能力力来来考考虑虑和和选选择择。以以下下面面的两个作文题为例：的两个作文题为例：5.怎样写主题句怎样写主题句On Making Friends1.人人都需要朋友人人都需要朋友2.真正的友谊真正的友谊3.我交友的原则我交友的原则这种方式多
29、用简单句，毫不拖泥带水，直奔主题。On Making Friends1.Friends are important to us。2.But real friendship is not easy to come by.3.A friend in need is a fiend indeed.1)直接表达式直接表达式为为了了体体现现某某个个意意思思的的重重要要性性，人人们们在在书书面面语语中中可可用用一一些些特特定定的的句句式式来来突突出出重重点点或或主主题题。这这些些句句子子就就称称为为强强调调句句。如如倒倒装装，it前前置置强强调调，反反问问，重重复复某某词词语语等等。构构成成强强调调主主题
30、题句句的的句句式式以以it引引导导的的句句子子居居多多。因因为为这这类类句句式式较较易易掌掌握握，也颇为实用。例如：也颇为实用。例如：2)强调式强调式On Making Friends1.It is certain that a man without friends will suffer a great deal from solitude.2.It is not difficult to make friends,but it is not easy to obtain real friendship.3.Hopefully,from my friend I will learn a l
31、ot and to my friends I can offer what I should.为为避避免免句句式式过过于于单单调调，还还可可以以用用表表条条件件的的主主题题句句引引出出段段落落出出题题。这这种种句句式式便便于于先先引引出出话话题，再进一步亮明观点。题，再进一步亮明观点。3)条件句式条件句式If a person wants to live a happy life,he should have some friends.Of all the things in making a friend,the most important is true friendship.If I
32、am to choose a friend,I will undoubtedly follow the principle that we should devote to each other.1.Many people think it necessary to carry out oral English test.用上述方法试试我们写过的几篇作文：用上述方法试试我们写过的几篇作文：（英语口试）（英语口试）（英语口试）（英语口试）2.But some people think differently.3.In my opinion,oral English test is quite i
33、mportant.1.It is very important for an English learner to be able to express himself in fluent spoken English.2.However,not all the people agree that spoken English test is really necessary.3.As for me,I think that no other language abilities can replace the ability of spoken English.1.If one wants
34、to have a good mastery of English,he should first of all learn how to express himself orally.2.If an English learner cant express himself orally,he will have great trouble in communicating with native speakers.一一旦旦拟拟定定好好主主题题句句，便便可可根根据据主主题题句句的大意草拟一个列举式提纲。例如：的大意草拟一个列举式提纲。例如：6.中文提示作文的写作步骤与方法中文提示作文的写作步骤
35、与方法1.没有休闲的生活是难以想象的没有休闲的生活是难以想象的2.不懂得休闲的人工作起来难以高效不懂得休闲的人工作起来难以高效3.因此因此The Importance of confidenceIt is really terrible if a person just keep working without any leisure.a.boringb.depressedc.crazy主题句：主题句：Surely,a person who knows little about leisure can never expect to work effectively.a.lack relaxa
36、tionb.difficult to concentratec.make mistakes主题句：主题句：主题句：主题句：Therefore,anyone who intends to work effectively should always keep in mind that leisure helps a great deal in doing work.a.leisure is healthfulb.leisure prepares one to work more energetically如果英语来得较慢，也可以用中文。例如：On Competition1.竞争是普遍现象竞争是普
37、遍现象a.体育比赛体育比赛b.工作与学习工作与学习c.商业竞争商业竞争2.竞争往往与合作并存竞争往往与合作并存a.球类运动如此球类运动如此b.公司之间既竞争又合作公司之间既竞争又合作3.如何看待竞争与合作如何看待竞争与合作a.应鼓励竞争应鼓励竞争b.也需要强调合作也需要强调合作 文章的各个段落既自成体系，又必须相文章的各个段落既自成体系，又必须相互协调和照应，以利于全文主题思想的表达。互协调和照应，以利于全文主题思想的表达。一般来说，因为不同的位置，段落的功能也一般来说，因为不同的位置，段落的功能也有所不同。以常见的三段式作文为例：有所不同。以常见的三段式作文为例：7.段落之间的关系段落之间的
38、关系Competition is universal in human society.Anyone who wants to be the winner of a match,a game or a contest has to compete against others.People of different careers compete for higher salary and promotion.Students compete with each other in entrance examinations and job-hunting.Admittedly,a person
39、 is compelled to make progress constantly because of competition.CompetitionHowever,it is often the case that competition goes hand in hand with cooperation.A team in ball games can hardly beat the other one without good cooperation.Many companies,in co-operation with other corporations or colleges,
40、have greatly expanded their own business.There is no doubt that a mans ability is finite.It is only by cooperation that people can achieve greater success.Competition should be encouraged.In fact,competition agrees with the law of human evolution.Without competition,it will be impossible to bring pe
41、oples potential into a full play.Meanwhile,we should also attach great importance to cooperation.Otherwise,we can hardly expect to accomplish anything in modern society.作文的第一段从不同角度概述了竞争的普遍性。第二段则讨论竞争与合作是相辅相成的。结尾段指出二者均不可偏废。第一段的论述为第二段的引伸打下了基础，而第三段则依据前面两段的阐述而做出结论。可见，段落之间存在着必然的联系。要使段落环环相扣，有必要掌握几种常见的开头和结尾
42、方式。文文章章一一开开始始就就道道破破主主题题，这这是是最最简简单单实实用用的的方方式式。常常用用于于记记叙叙文文、说说明明文文和和议议论文。论文。8.英语作文开头和结尾段的写作方式：英语作文开头和结尾段的写作方式：1)1)点明主题点明主题点明主题点明主题Grades are really important for most students.Schools and the society as a whole tend to value a student by grades.Students with higher grades are preferable for admission
43、to good schools or colleges.Also,successful application for satisfactory jobs depends a great deal on good grades.开头段用提问的方式引出主题，激起读者的阅读兴趣，也为下面段落的展开提供了条件。但这种开头应避免“Do you think so,my dear friend?”“Do you agree with me?”“Whats your opinion?”等毫无意义的提问，以免引起读者的不快或反感。2)提出问题提出问题The worlds population continue
44、s to grow.There now are about 4 billion of us on earth.That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in further 75 years.Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.Where will we find the food,water,job,houses,schools and health care for all these people?作作文文开开头头先先概概括括
45、性性地地叙叙述述某某一一现现象象或或事事物物，再再由由一一般般到到具具体体引引出出主主题题。这这样样，可可使使作文的开头更显自然。例如：作文的开头更显自然。例如：3)一般到具体一般到具体Every year there are changes in climate in different parts of the world.Some of these changes are due to natural causes.However,some climate changes are caused by air pollution and these changes may increase
46、.From good reading we can derive pleasure,companionship,experience,and instruction.A good book may absorb our attention so completely that for the time being we forget our surroundings and even our identity.Reading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life.It increases our contentment when
47、 we are cheerful,and lessens our troubles when we are sad.Whatever may be our main purpose in reading,our contact with good books should never fail to give us enjoyment and satisfaction.恰恰当当的的引引用用一一谚谚语语或或某某一一句句名名言言开开头头，引出讨论的主题，可使读者印象较深。引出讨论的主题，可使读者印象较深。4)用引语或谚语开头用引语或谚语开头There is the saying that time
48、 is money.It is true that money is as precious as money.But it is also true that no one can afford to waste his time no matter how rich he is,because when time is gone,it will never come back.Manners are very important in every country,but ways of expressing good manners are different form country t
49、o country.What is good manners in one country may not be appropriate behavior in another.So the safe advice for a foreigner,no matter what country he is visiting,is to follow the old proverb:“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.”好好的的开开头头等等于于成成功功的的一一半半。但但结结尾尾也也十十分分重重要要。草草率率结结尾尾，无无法法给给人人留留下下完完整整的的印印象象，更更
50、可可能能使使自自己己的的努努力力前前功功尽尽弃弃。故故应应力力求求做做到到有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：在在结结尾尾段段对对全全文文讨讨论论的的问问提提或或要要点点进进行行概概括括总总结结，并并进进一一步步明明确确和和深深化化主主题题，使读者留下较深刻的印象。例如：使读者留下较深刻的印象。例如：1)归纳总结归纳总结A well-handed telephone call will give the caller a good impression of the company he or she is dealing with.For this rea