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1、SN Ia(SCP,HZT.)LSS(2dfGRS,SDSS)Brief Review on Dark EnergyAccelerating Universe-Dark Energy第1页/共44页CMB experiments第2页/共44页Dark matter?Dark energy?Why no antimatter?No antimatter第3页/共44页Candidates:1,Cosmological constantCosmological constant problem!Negative pressureS.Weinberg,RMP(1989)第4页/共44页2,Dyna
2、mical dark energyQuintessence:Phantom:K-essence:Cannot cross-1,no-go theoremFeng,Wang&Zhang,PLB(2005);Vikman,PRD(2005);Zhao,Xia,Li,Feng&Zhang,PRD(2005);Xia,Cai,Qiu,Zhao&Zhang,IJMPD(2008)Quintom:Feng,Wang&Zhang,PLB(2005)Li,Feng&Zhang,JCAP(2005)crosses-1 Flat potentialCai,Li,Lu,Piao,Qiu&Zhang,PLB(2007
3、)第5页/共44页It is important to determine w of DE by cosmological observations!Parameterization of equation of state:A)w=w_0+w_1 z (for small z)B)w=w_0+w_1 z/(1+z)(used mostly in the literature)C)w=w_0+w_1 sin(w_2 ln(a)+w_3)第6页/共44页Current constraint on the equation of state of dark energyWMAP5 resultE.
4、Komatsu et al.,arXiv:0803.0547Xia,Li,Zhao,Zhang,PRD(2008)Status:1)Cosmological constant fits data well;2)Dynamical model not ruled out;3)Best fit value of equation of state:slightly w across-1 Quintom modelQuintessencephantomQuintom AQuintom B第7页/共44页Dynamical dark energy is expected to have interac
5、tions to the rest of the world besides the gravity.Two types of couplings:direct&derivative1,direct couplingInteracting Dark EnergyA.Long range forceConstrained tightly!S.M.Carroll,PRL(1998)B.Instability under quantum corrections第8页/共44页2,derivative coupling:cosmological CPT violation!1,obeys the sh
6、ift symmetry which guarantees the flatness of the potential.2,propagates spin-dependent force,short range,much weaker constraint from astrophysics PDG(2002)Violates Lorentz and CPT symmetry because第9页/共44页Cosmological CPT violation and baryogenesisThe universe is not symmetric between matter and ant
7、imatterWe need baryogenesisBaryon number non-conserving interactionC and CP violationsDeparture from thermal equilibrium Sakharov conditions for baryogenesis:Precondition:CPT is conserved!Cohen&Kaplan,PLB(1987)第10页/共44页 Interacting dark energy and baryogenesisA unified picture of matter-antimatter a
8、symmetry and dark energy!第11页/共44页Albrecht&Skordis,PRL(2000)Quintessence model with tracking solutionCopeland,Liddle&Wands,PRD(1998).第12页/共44页Bean,Hansen&Melchiorri,PRD(2001);Doran&Robbers,JCAP(2006)第13页/共44页1,The electroweak Sphaleron violates B+L and will makeas low as 100GeV,M should be GeVKuzmin
9、,Rubakov&Shaposhnikov,PLB(1985)2,If M is higher,e.g.,GUT scale or Planck mass scale,the generated baryon number asymmetry would be very small compared with the observation.3,In this case,we turn to leptogenesis Comments:第14页/共44页Mingzhe Li,Jun-Qing Xia,Hong Li,Xinmin Zhang,PLB(2007)The Model第15页/共44
10、页the decoupling temperature of B-L violating interaction.Sphaleron conserves B-L and converts B-L asymmetry generated above to a same order of baryon number asymmetry.第16页/共44页Baryon isocurvature perturbationAdiabatic or isothermal:Isocurvature or entropy:In our caseThe fluctuation of the dark energ
11、y scalar field will induce a nonzero baryon isocurvature perturbation第17页/共44页The quintessence model with potential Consistent with the observations!第18页/共44页In our model of baryo/leptogenesisThe CPT violation is very small,was large to generate enough baryon number asymmetry in the early universe.第
12、19页/共44页This CPT violation can be observed by CMB polarization experiments!第20页/共44页The full lagrangian of photonsThe action integral is gauge invariant.Geometric Optics Approximation第21页/共44页Basic equations:第22页/共44页Polarization and Stokes parametersAt the inertial frameI intensity Q&U linear polar
13、ization V circular polarizationThe polarization angle:第23页/共44页Local Lorentz frame第24页/共44页第25页/共44页第26页/共44页CPT violation induced the rotation of the polarization directionRotation angle only depends on the difference of dark energy field at the source and the observers positions.Which characterize
14、 such CPT-violating effect!第27页/共44页Observation of cosmological CPT violation through CMB experiments第28页/共44页In the case of homogeneous Without CPT violation,the correlations of TB and EB vanish第29页/共44页第30页/共44页第31页/共44页第32页/共44页WMAP3 only1)2)3)6)Bo Feng et al.,PRL 96,221302(2006)5)4)(WMAP Group)K
15、omatsu et al.,arXiv:0803.0547WMAP5 onlyP.Cabella,Natoli&Silk,PRD(2007)第33页/共44页Spatial dependent rotation angle:Mingzhe Li&Xinmin Zhang,PRD(2008)第34页/共44页第35页/共44页第36页/共44页This is the direct consequence of invariance of under the rotation Only the background evolution of dark energy provides CPT vio
16、lation!第37页/共44页The corrections are at the order of In the quintessence model with tracking potential,By assuming the initial fluctuation of quintessence generated from a GUT scale inflation第38页/共44页Constraining a spatially dependent rotation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization.Yadav,Bis
17、was,Su,Zaldarriaga,arXiv:0902.4466How to De-Rotate the Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization.M.Kamionkowski,PRL(2009),arXiv:0810.1286Detection of Spatially Dependent Rotation Angle第39页/共44页ConclusionDynamical dark energy has possible couplings besides gravity to other matter.Direct couplings are
18、constrained tightly.Derivative couplings are more likely.The derivative couplings violate CPT cosmologically and can explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry.Our model of leptogenesis predicts CPT violation in the photon sector.It can be tested by CMB,current data favored nonzero rotation angle mildly.The rotation angle is anisotropic in general.More studies in the future.第40页/共44页Thanks!第41页/共44页第42页/共44页第43页/共44页感谢您的观看。第44页/共44页