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1、2形式 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分第1页/共71页 主语主语 定语定语 宾语宾语 表语表语 状语状语宾语补宾语补 足语足语不定式不定式 过去过去分词分词 v-ing 形式形式 第2页/共71页3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。第3页/共71页A动词-ing形式的一般式1 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是
2、她最喜欢的体育运动。Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。2 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。They went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。第4页/共71页3 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to th
3、e zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。第5页/共71页 B 动词-ing形式的完成式动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years,she knows it very well.点津坊在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I rally regretted h
4、aving missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film.)第6页/共71页 C 动词-ing形式的被动形式动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题很重要。I cant stand being kept waiting.我不堪久等。Having been shown the
5、lab,we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。第7页/共71页 D 动词-ing形式的否定形式动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。第8页/共71页必背动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。Its no good talking to him.和他谈话是没有用的。It is useless telephoning him.He is not wi
6、lling to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。Its worth making an effort.努力一下是值得的。There is no saying when it will stop raining.无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。第9页/共71页必背只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 欣赏 avoid 避免put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制mention
7、 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁第10页/共71页 既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：有些动词，如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等
8、，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary.我想买一本英汉词典。提示应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。I am starting to learn Russian.我开始学俄语。避免说：I am starting learning Russian.我开始学俄语。第11页/共71页go on to do做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事Ha
9、ving finished the exercises,we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。go on doing继续做同一件事。Though it was raining heavily,they went on working,尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。mean to do想要做某事I didnt mean to hurt you.我并不想要伤害你。mean doing意味着要有一个结果Missing the train means waiting for another h
10、our.误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。第12页/共71页 regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾I regret to say I must leave tomorrow.很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。regret doing对所做的事感到后悔I regret not having told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remember to lock the door when you leave.离开时记得要锁门。remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”I remember po
11、sting that letter.我记得寄了那封信。第13页/共71页forget to do忘记要做某事She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service.她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事While working,he stopped to talk with Tom
12、 at times.工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。stop doing停止正在做的事When the teacher came into the classroom,the pupils stopped talking.教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。第14页/共71页try to do设法做某事I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。try doing试验做某事Would you please try doing that again?请你再试一次好吗？第15页/共71页n
13、eed,require,want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcting/to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了。The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。2 作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。
14、第16页/共71页3 动词-ing形式也可用在have,get,leave,keep,set,catch等表示致使的动词后作宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。I saw
15、him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。第17页/共71页 F 动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Having made full preparations,we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(=After
16、 we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Being ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(=Since he was ill.)第18页/共71页3表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=andlefthimalotofmoney.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.4表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyo
17、urlessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。5表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。第19页/共71页e.g._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not receiving B.Not to receive C.Not having received D.Having not receivede.g.Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttow
18、atchTV.解析没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用所以应该用having done;having done;此题又是表否定含此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having not doing/not having done;done;故选故选 c c6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。He lay on the grass,staring at the sky for a long time.=.and stared at the sky for a long time 他
19、躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。第20页/共71页-ing形式形式-ing形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake解析Herushedtothetrainstation,only_thetrainhadgone.A.findingB.foundC.findsD.tofindD第21页/共71页解析Makingitthepopularsportintheworld为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语
20、常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed第22页/共71页动 词-ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语 A 作主语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或
21、名词所有格(即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语)第23页/共71页 B 作表语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night.(staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)C 作定语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主
22、语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book 一本有意思的书=a book that interests its readersa running stream 一条奔流的小溪=a stream that is running第24页/共71页 D 作宾语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较 He insisted on doing it himself.他坚持要自己做。(doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on my doing it
23、.他坚持要我做。(doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)Would you mind opening the window?请你把窗子打开好吗？(opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”)Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我把窗子打开吗？(opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”)第25页/共71页 E 作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。(singing this son
24、g的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song(being)sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。)第26页/共71页 F 作状语的动词-ing形式1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Looking out through the
25、window,the garden was beautiful.(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)【正】Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.第27页/共71页【误】Reading the evening newspaper,a dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报)【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.2 如不能和句子
26、中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone,we had to walk home.Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Friday.第28页/共71页B)关于逻辑主语的问题 1._to the meeting surprised all of the boards.A.Mike coming B.Mike came C.Mike coming D.Mikes coming 2.Its no use _ that you didnt
27、 know the rules.A.you pretend B.you pretending C.your pretending D.your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.第29页/共71页不定式第30页/共71页在It is+形容词+of sb+不定式结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,ca
28、reless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“It is+形容词+for sb+不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。比较It is good of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good for you to give up smo
29、king.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是give up smoking这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.)It is+形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构第31页/共71页3不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.第32页/共71页比较一般说
30、来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)Its not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指)Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体)I like
31、singing,but I dont like to sing this night.第33页/共71页4修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。点津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。Ive got a lot of thing
32、s to see to this morning.今天上午我有许多事情要处理。第34页/共71页2 表示结果He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型 1)so.as to doWould you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?把你的自行车借给我好吗？2)such.as to doWe are not such fools as to believe him.我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。3)enough to doHe
33、 didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。4)only to doHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。5)too.to doHis eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。第35页/共71页with/without+名词+不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。With so much work to do,I shall not be able to go
34、 to the cinema with you.有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。With him to stay in the house,I feel quite safe.有他呆在家里，我感到十分安全。Without anything to eat,he died of hunger.由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。with/without+名词+不定式结构I hope to have met him at the railway station,but he didnt turn up.我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。We would love to have gone to th
35、e match,but the tickets were all sold out.我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。The plane was to have taken off at 9:00,but something went wrong.飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。用主动式表示被动含义的不定式第36页/共71页4 如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带to。The only thing I could do was go home.我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。5 两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符
36、号to可省略。The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？6 在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。He let go the rope.他松开了绳子。I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。She made believe she was i
37、nnocent.她假装清白。7 在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice以及使役动词make,let,have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。第37页/共71页非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词:want,hope和wish,agree,decide,mean,manage,promise,expect,pretend,且说两位算在此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己。后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握，have,let和make,此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察(lookat,observe
38、)”“听到(hear,listento)”see,还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记第38页/共71页 不定式符号的单独使用1 在助动词或情态动词之后，如be,going to,used to,have to,ought to,be able to,be about to等。She must go but you dont have to.她必须走，但你没有必要。2 在want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等动词之后。Did you go to see the Great Wall?你游览长城
39、了吗？I wanted to,but I was too busy.我本来想去，但太忙了。3 在作宾语补足语的ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等动词之后。Dont do anything unless your father tells you to.除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。4 在对话的答语中的happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready,pleased,afraid等形容词之后。Will you lend me a hand?你能帮我一个忙吗？Im will
40、ing to,but I cant now.我很愿意，但现在不行。第39页/共71页必背常见的带不定式的短语：be supposed to do 应该做某事be determined to do 决心要做某事fail to do 未能做某事go all out to do 全力以赴做某事have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事have a great mind to do 很想做某事make up ones mind to do 决定做某事make a point to do 坚持做某事prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事take the trouble
41、to do 不辞辛苦地做某事第40页/共71页必背常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯 be related to 与有关get down to 着手做 be given to 沉溺于put ones mind to全神贯注于 give rise to 引起be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对look forward to 盼望 object to 反对stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意第41页/共71页动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时
42、也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。动词ed形式的特征 1 动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chin
43、ese people.鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。第42页/共71页2 及物动词的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。Given more time,I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。(句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。(宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)The experience gained in the army
44、was of great value to our study.在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。3 不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。an escaped prisoner 逃犯=a prisoner who has escapeda retired worker 退休工人=a worker who has retireda newly arrived guest 新来的客人=a guest who has just arrivedPeople should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。第
45、43页/共71页 A 动词ed形式作表语 1 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。The students are fully prepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。When we got there,the shop was closed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。比较要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。Peter the Great is buried here.彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。2 同一动词的
46、ed形式与ing形式作表语时的区别。动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。第44页/共71页They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene,all the people present were moved.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。比较：amusing 使人高兴的 amused 开心的encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encoura
47、ged 受鼓励的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的exciting 使人激动的 excited 激动的puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的Worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高兴的astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的第45页/共71页 B 动词ed形式作宾语补足语当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。
48、1 在感觉动词see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find等后作宾语补足语。I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。I couldnt get the car to start this morning.今早我无法把汽车发动起来。He got his sister to help him with h
49、is clothes.他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。It is not hard to get him talking;the problem is stopping him!让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。第46页/共71页2 在使役动词get,have,make,leave,keep等后作宾语补足语。动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。Ill just get these dishes washed and then Ill come.我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。动词-e
50、d形式作make的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。You should make your views known to the public.你应该让公众知道你的观点。动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。They all went home,leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room