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1、关于高中英语名词语法复习PPT第1页,此课件共38页哦语法专题(一)语法专题(一)名名 词词第2页,此课件共38页哦名词要点精讲名词要点精讲 名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法,在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词其用法,在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。的考查点。第3页,此课件共38页哦专有名词专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如名称,如Beijing,China等。等。普通名词普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的
2、名词,如:名词,如:book,sadness等。等。名词第4页,此课件共38页哦专有名词专有名词(Proper Nouns)普通名词普通名词(Common Nouns)个体名词个体名词(Individual Nouns)集体名词集体名词(Collective Nouns)物质名词物质名词(Material Nouns)抽象名词抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)不可数名词不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)可数名词可数名词(Countable Nouns)第5页,此课件共38页哦 个体名词个体名词和和集体名词集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可以用数目来计算,称为可可数名词数名词(
3、Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。)。第6页,此课件共38页哦Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day注意:注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写专有名词的第一个字母要大写第7页,此课件共38页哦Common Nouns:一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1.I
4、ndividual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的指作为个体而存在的人或东西人或东西可以指具体的人或物。可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments也可指抽象东西。也可指抽象东西。Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream第8页,此课件共38页哦2.Collective Nouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,
5、视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。His family _ not large.(be)Cf:His family _ all music lovers.(be)在一些情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。在一些情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the show.isare第9页,此课件共38页哦有少数集体名词通常用作单数。有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.Our com
6、pany is sending him to work in Berlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg:The police are looking for him.第10页,此课件共38页哦3.Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的物质。指无法分为个体的物质。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:况:1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示有些物质
7、名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份一份”、“一杯一杯”、“一种一种”Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份)两份)Three beers,please.(三杯)三杯)It was a special tea.(一种)一种)2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg:rains(雨季)(雨季)sands (沙滩)(沙滩)snows(积雪)积雪)waters(海域海域)第11页,此课件共38页哦4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg:educa
8、tion;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。Eg:Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failure is the mother of success.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念)失败与成功在此为抽象概念)As a teacher,she is a success,but as a mother,she is
9、 a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者,失败者,可数成功者,失败者,可数)第12页,此课件共38页哦名词的数名词的数 不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括一般没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语,谓语动词须用单数形式。不可数名词作主语,谓语动词须用单数形式。第13页,此课件共38页哦情况情况加法加法例词例词一般情况一般情况以
10、以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音y结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音+o 结尾的词结尾的词以以f或或fe结尾的词结尾的词加加-s加加-es去去y加加-ies多数加多数加-es 把把f/fe改成改成vesbrothers;schools buses;watches;dishesladies;countries;heroes;tomatoeshalves;leaves;可数名词可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种:有以下几种:第14页,此课件共38页哦Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音以元音+y或以专有名词或以
11、专有名词+y结尾的名词,直接在词尾加结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys*3:以元音以元音+oeg:videos;studios以以oo结尾结尾 eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词一些缩写词 eg:kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词一些专有名词 eg:Eskimos;Filipinos直接在词尾加直接在词尾加-s.*4:以以f/fe结尾只加结尾只加-s的词:的词:proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;ch
12、iefshandkerchief(手帕,手绢)(手帕,手绢)的复数形式两者都可以。的复数形式两者都可以。第15页,此课件共38页哦 单复数相同的情况:单复数相同的情况:sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu 只有复数形式的情况:只有复数形式的情况:trousers(裤子裤子);glasses(眼镜眼镜);compasses(圆规圆规)a pair ofthanks;clothes;remains;
13、goods;people;cattle;works(作品作品)第16页,此课件共38页哦复合名词的复数形式:复合名词的复数形式:1.词末词末+-s:film-goers;forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式:主体名词变为复数形式:lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数:两个组成部分皆变为复数:women doctors;men cooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或或woman第17页,此课件共38页哦不规则复数:不规则复数:1.manmenEg:woman women;cha
14、irman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg:mouse-mice;louse-lice(虱子)有些外来词的不规则复数形式:有些外来词的不规则复数形式:Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media第18页,此课件共38页哦有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。有些名词可
15、以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃玻璃)copper(铜铜)tin(锡锡)paper(纸纸)iron(铁铁 )wood(木头木头)gold(金子金子 )youth(青春青春 )power(力量力量)beauty(美美)pleasure(愉快愉快)relation(关系)关系)a glass(玻璃杯玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板铜币板)a tin(罐头罐头)a paper(报纸,证件,论文报纸,证件,论文)an iron(熨斗熨斗 )a wood(树林树林)a gold(金牌金牌 )a youth(年青人年青人 )a power(大国大国)a beauty(美人,美的东西美人,美的东
16、西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚)亲戚)第19页,此课件共38页哦英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。a poem(一首诗一首诗)a machine(一台机器一台机器)a job(一件工作一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声一个笑声)a permit(许可证许可证)a garment(一件衣裳一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李一件行李)a loaf(一只面包一只面包)a hair(一根头发一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称机器总称)work(工作工作)la
17、ughter(笑声笑声)permission(允许允许)clothing(衣裳总称衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李行李)bread(面包面包)hair(头发头发)第20页,此课件共38页哦几个名词的特殊用法几个名词的特殊用法 hair_.(他的头发是白的。)(他的头发是白的。)_.(他有几根白的头(他有几根白的头发。)发。)His hair is whiteHe has a few grey hairs fruit The fruit is sweet.He likes pears,peaches,grapes and other fruits.第21页,此课件共38页哦 pol
18、iceThe police _ searching for the murderer.weredozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozen pencilsthree _ them/these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of peopledozen ofword(消息,通知)(消息,通知),man(人类),前面不(人类),前面不加冠词,也不用复数形式,谓语用单数。加冠词,也不用复数形式,谓语用单数。第22页,此课件共38页哦名词的格名词的格所有格的形式:所有格的形式:一般的名词所有格在后面加一般
19、的名词所有格在后面加 s,如:,如:Marys book 以以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加,如:,如:Teachers Day,the students reading-room 以以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格,如:结尾的专有名词所有格,如:Engelss works 或或Engels works第23页,此课件共38页哦s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以,如:词。但有时其它的名词也可以,如:todays newspaper,fifteen minutes ride等与时间有关的等与时
20、间有关的名词。名词。凡不能加凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词,都可以与构成所有格的名词,都可以与 of 结成短语,来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的结成短语,来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此,特别是当这个名词有较东西的名词也可如此,特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如:长的定语时。如:Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?第24页,此课件共38页哦一个名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提一个名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,避免前后重复。如:到,往往可以省略,避免前后重复。如:This is no
21、t my pen,but Marys.有时某些有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点,如结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点,如某人的家或店铺、教堂等:某人的家或店铺、教堂等:We can meet at Marys.He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday.I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street.Last week we visited St.Pauls.第25页,此课件共38页哦属格属格形式形式应应用用场场合合举举例例用在表示有生命的名用在表示有生命的名词词后后
22、Tom and Mikes room(两人共两人共有有)Toms and Mikes rooms(两人两人分分别别所有所有)用在用在时间时间名名词词后后three weeks leave,todays papers属格属格用在距离用在距离,长长度名度名词词后后twenty miles journey用在地点名用在地点名词词后后Chinas industry用在天体名用在天体名词词后后the earths surface用在价格名用在价格名词词后后a dollars worthof属格属格用在表无生命事物名用在表无生命事物名词词后后the door of our classroom双重双重属格属
23、格名名词词前有前有a,some,any,few,no,several等等词词修修饰时饰时a friend of my brothers several classmates of his第26页,此课件共38页哦名词所有格名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake.2.She was at her wits end.3.Now they could sing at their hearts content.4.We should get the childre
24、n out of harms way.5.We had best keep them at arms length.6.For goodness sake,stop arguing.7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.(为了友谊)为了友谊)(黔驴技穷)(黔驴技穷)(尽情地)(尽情地)(不受损害)(不受损害)(保持距离(保持距离)(看在上帝的份上)(看在上帝的份上)(很合算)(很合算)第27页,此课件共38页哦名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。补语等。名词作定语时,需注意:名词作定语时,需注
25、意:an enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _(一家鞋店)(一家鞋店)名词在句子中的作用名词在句子中的作用enemy soldiersboy studentsmen teacherswomen doctorsa shoe store第28页,此课件共38页哦 heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season
26、 stony heart rose garden rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较:用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较:第29页,此课件共38页哦1._ turn green in spring.A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves2.He dropped the _ and broke it.A.cup of coffee B.coffees cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup3.I need _ cloth,for Im go
27、ing to make _ clothes.A.a lot of;many B.much;much C.many;many D.many;a lot历年高考试题历年高考试题第30页,此课件共38页哦4.He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works5.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas,wind and other forms of _.A.energy
28、B.source C.power D.material 6.Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness第31页,此课件共38页哦7.-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.The Palmers D.The Palmers8.My parents always let me have my own _ of living.A.way B.meth
29、od C.manner D.fashion9.The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n)_ of courage and power.A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol 第32页,此课件共38页哦10.We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.A.victims B.folks C.fellows D.villagers11.If you dont take away all your things fr
30、om the desk,there wont be enough _ for my stationery.A.area B.place C.room D.surface12.It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _.A.rewards B.prizes C.awards D.results第33页,此课件共38页哦13.In the botanic garden we can find a(n)_ of plants that range from tall
31、 trees to small flowers.A.species B.group C.amount D.variety14.-Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?-No,its out of _.A.range B.reach C.control D.distance15.The life of London is made up of many different _.A.elements B.sections C.material D.realities第34页,此课件共38页哦16.For the sake of her dau
32、ghters health,she decided to move to a warm _.A.weather B.temperature C.season D.climate17.To regain their _ after an exhausting game,the players lay in the grass.A.force B.energy C.power D.health18.I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant.A.scene B.circumstance
33、C.occasion D.situation第35页,此课件共38页哦19.It cant be a(n)_ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.A.coincidence B.accident C.incident D.chance20.According to the recent research,heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect.A.reason B.impact C.fact D.cause 21.-Im sorry I
34、 stepped outside for a smoke.I was very tired.-There is no _ for this while you are on duty.A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation第36页,此课件共38页哦22.The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well.Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking23.Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children.A.hand B.reach C.space D.distance24.The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A.escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance第37页,此课件共38页哦感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第38页,此课件共38页哦