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1、An expression such as a metaphor or simile or a device such as personification or hyperbole in which words are used in a nonliteral way to achieve an effect beyond the range of ordinary language.通过隐喻或明喻，拟人或夸张等这些形象化说法，文字能用非字面的意义获得超过普通语言的效果第1页/共36页1.Simile&Metaphor1.Simile 明喻明喻 He is brave as a lion.T
2、he water lay gray and wrinkled like an elephants skin.2.Metaphor My love is a red red rose.Applications for jobs flooded the company.第2页/共36页 一种暗喻的句式一种暗喻的句式:n.(A)+of +n.(B)More Examples:I have the devil of a teeth sick.Down with the Bourbons,and that great pig of Louis XVI!Your turn to practice:他们有一
3、个宝贝女儿。他们有一个宝贝女儿。They have a treasure of a daughter.他住在贫民窟一样的屋子里。他住在贫民窟一样的屋子里。He lives in a slum of a house.第3页/共36页 3.MetonymyThe substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which ot is closely related 换喻第4页/共36页 Metonymy以典型的人体组织、器官或部位代人的抽象行为或能力以典型的人体组织、器官或部位代人的抽象行为或能力:She was a g
4、irl who excited the emotions,but I was not the one to let my heart rule my head.她她十十个个让人动情的姑娘，而我则不是让感情支配理智的人。让人动情的姑娘，而我则不是让感情支配理智的人。以特征指人或物以特征指人或物:Gray hairs should be respected.第5页/共36页 Metonymy以作家名借代作品或观念以作家名借代作品或观念:He has never read Li Bai.以容器借代被盛的东西以容器借代被盛的东西,或以产地代产品或以产地代产品:He is too fond of the
5、 bottle.Hollywood-American film industry 第6页/共36页MetonymyMore examples:John Bull-EnglandUncle Sam-USAThe Pentagon-US military establishmentThe White Street-US PresidentHelen-beautiful woman第7页/共36页4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻The naming of a part to mean the whole or the whole to a partWe need more hands to do
6、this job.This is a fleet of 50 sails.The birds sang to welcome the smiling year.第8页/共36页5.Personification 拟人拟人The thirsty desert drank up the water.Its really a beautiful morning:the trees are whispering and birds are singing第9页/共36页6.Transferred Epithet:the transference of an adjective to a noun to
7、 which it is not wholly appropriate 转类形容法转类形容法More example：This bad news has brought me a sleepless night.They climbed to a dizzy height and then jumped down.第10页/共36页7.Rhetorical question:反诘反诘A question neither requiring nor intended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis.More example:If Winter
8、comes,can Spring be far behind?(Shelley:Ode to the West Wind)第11页/共36页8.Anti-climax:突降法突降法The sudden appearance of an trivial idea following one or more significant ideas.It is usually comic(滑稽的滑稽的)in effect.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.第12页/共36页9.Climax:渐强法渐强
9、法Arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(Francis Bacon:Of Studies)第13页/共36页10.Alliteration:头韵法头韵法and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.The use of a phrase or s
10、entence of words beginning with the same letter or sound.It should be used only when the writer makes a strong emotional response to his subject.For instance,it can achieve musical effect.Example 1:We felt strong,smug,secure.Example 2:US trade policy is often viewed as inconsistent,incoherent and in
11、comprehensible to the countries of the origin.第14页/共36页11.AssonanceAssonance:the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words 半谐音半谐音A deep green streamThe rain in Spain falls on the plain第15页/共36页12.Consonance 尾韵尾韵指相同词尾辅音的重复出现指相同词尾辅音的重复出现The rain in Spain falls on the plainWhen I lent
12、 I was a friend,when I asked I was unkind.第16页/共36页13.Pun 双关双关It is a play on words based on the similarity of sound and sharp difference in meaning.Seven days without water makes one weak.He lies first on one side,and then on the other,and remains wide awake all the time.He lies still when he dies.
13、第17页/共36页 14.Euphemism:the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeableFor Death:to be asleep in the Arms of God(本义）安睡在上帝的怀中本义）安睡在上帝的怀中to be at peace(本义）平静了本义）平静了to be at rest(本义）在休息本义）在休息to be called to God(本义）本义）被召唤到上帝那被召唤到上帝那to be called home(本义）被本义）被召回家召回家to be home
14、 and free(本义）本义）到家自由了到家自由了to be taken to paradise(本本义）被送进天堂义）被送进天堂The call of God(本义）上帝的本义）上帝的召唤召唤to depart(本义）离去本义）离去The final departure(本义）本义）最后离去最后离去final sleep(本义）最后一觉本义）最后一觉For Death:to be asleep in the Arms of God(本义）本义）安睡在上帝的怀中安睡在上帝的怀中to be at peace(本义）平静了本义）平静了to be at rest(本义）在休息本义）在休息to be
15、 called to God(本义）被召唤到上本义）被召唤到上帝那帝那to be called home(本义）被召回家本义）被召回家to be home and free(本义）到家自由了本义）到家自由了to be taken to paradise(本义）被送进天本义）被送进天堂堂The call of God(本义）上帝的召唤本义）上帝的召唤to depart(本义）离去本义）离去The final departure(本义）最后离去本义）最后离去final sleep(本义）最后一觉本义）最后一觉第18页/共36页to fade away(本义）消失本义）消失 to make ones
16、 exit(本义）退场本义）退场to kick off(本义）开球本义）开球to be free(本义）解脱了本义）解脱了to be gone(本义）去了本义）去了to be no more(本义）不复存在本义）不复存在to close ones eyes(本义）瞑目本义）瞑目to come to an end(本义）结束本义）结束to go beyond(本义）到远方去本义）到远方去to expire(本义）呼气本义）呼气to go off(本义）离去本义）离去to go ones last(本义）走到自己的本义）走到自己的终点终点to go ones place(本义）回老家本义）回老家t
17、o go to ones resting place(本本义）到休息地去义）到休息地去to go to west(本义）西去本义）西去 to kick the bucket(本义）踢翻水桶本义）踢翻水桶to lose ones life(本义）失去了生本义）失去了生命命to pass away(本义）离去本义）离去to stop living(本义）停止生存本义）停止生存to take ones rest(本义）休息本义）休息to shut up the shop(本义）关门本义）关门to rest(本义）休息本义）休息to rest in peace(本义）安息本义）安息to return
18、to dust(本义）归之尘本义）归之尘土土to sleep(本义）长眠本义）长眠with God(本义）和上帝在一起本义）和上帝在一起with their Father(本义）与圣父本义）与圣父在一起在一起to fall(本义）倒下了本义）倒下了to do ones bit(本义）尽职了本义）尽职了to lay down ones life(本义）放本义）放下自己的生命下自己的生命to be no longer with us(本义）本义）不再与我们在一起了不再与我们在一起了to be out of pain(本义）摆脱痛本义）摆脱痛苦苦to breathe ones last(本义）呼本义
19、）呼了最后一口气了最后一口气to cancel ones account(本义）本义）销帐销帐pay ones last debt(本义）付最本义）付最后一笔债后一笔债第19页/共36页15.Antithesis:对照对照 对比对比.between what people claim to be and what they really are.took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever第20页/共36页Antithesis:more
20、 examplesMore haste,less speed.There is more danger from a pretended friend than from an open enemy.Small sorrows speak:great sorrows are silent.第21页/共36页16.Parallelism/parallel structureWe shall fight him by land,we shall fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air.I Have a Dream第22页/共36页17.Repe
21、tition 反复反复We have but one aim and one single purposenothing will turn us-nothingWe will never parley,we will never negotiate.This is our policy and this is our declaration第23页/共36页18.Hyperbole 夸张夸张America laughed with him.The trial that rocked the world.His reputation as an authority on Scripture i
22、s recognized throughout the world.The wave ran mountain high.第24页/共36页19.OxymoronOxymoron is formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms.It can help us to appriciate more fully the implied complexity of descriptions and feelings.Malone called my conviction a victorious defeat.bitter sweet memories
23、living death第25页/共36页OxymoronO serpent heart,hit with a flowing faceDid ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant!fiend angelical!Dove-featherd raven(乌鸦乌鸦)!Wolfish-ravening(掠夺掠夺)lamb!(Here Juliet is expressing her mixed feeling about Romeo,when she hears he has killed her cousin.)第26页/共36页20.
24、IronyThe expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning.反语反语 until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryHiroshima-the liveliest city in the world第27页/共36页21.Ridiculeinstance of being made fun of 嘲笑嘲笑Bryan,aging and paunchy,was assistedBryan mopped hi
25、s bald dome in silence.He didnt say a cat was the same as a man?第28页/共36页22.SarcasmIts a cutting remark,a verbal sneer.It s used to hurt others feeling.挖苦Why dont you do a dance around the ashes?“There is some doubt about that.”Darrow snorted.第29页/共36页23.Satire:讽刺作品讽刺作品It generally refers to a piece
26、 of literary work-prose,poetry or drama.It uses ridicule to expose and to judge behaviour or ideas that the satirist finds foolish,wicked or both.第30页/共36页24.Onomatopoeia 象声法象声法a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.with its clanking,heel-clicking,dandified Prussian office
27、rs第31页/共36页25.Zoosemy:拟物拟物“A lucky dog you are!”exclaimed Jim.Terribly hungry,the man wolfed down all the cake.第32页/共36页27.Antonomasia:换称换称(There is a certain degree of overlapping with Synecdoche.)1)the use of a title in place of a name:His majesty-a king or the name of a kingThe Boss-the name of t
28、he employer2)the use of a proper name instead of a common noun:a Judas-a traitorHe is our Gorky.-He is a famous writer.第33页/共36页26.Litotes:间接肯定法间接肯定法A form of understatement which gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively.This is not at all unpleasant.The German fleet was not an unworthy opponent.第34页/共36页秋天不会来啊，好冷啊！秋天不会来啊，好冷啊！第35页/共36页感谢您的观看！第36页/共36页