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1、Grammar Grammar&Cultural CornerCultural CornerThe past perfect passive过去完成时被动语态过去完成时被动语态What can you see from the following sentences?1.By the time the tornado ended,more than 700people had been killed.2.Coghlan travelled back to Canada after he had been buried in Texas.动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完
2、成,且谓语动词且谓语动词与发出这一动作的主语存在被动关系。句中常与发出这一动作的主语存在被动关系。句中常用用by,before,until,when等词引导时间状语。等词引导时间状语。过去完成时过去完成时 1)概念：表示过去的过去概念：表示过去的过去 -|-|-|-|-|-|-那时以前那时以前 那时现在那时现在 其构成是其构成是had+过去分词构成。过去分词构成。2)用法用法a.在在told,said,knew,heard,thought等等 动词后的宾语从句。动词后的宾语从句。She said(that)she had never been to Paris.b.状语从句状语从句在过去不同时
3、间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.c.表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示“原本原本，未能，未能”We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.3)过去完成时的时间状语过去完成时的时间状语before,by,unti
4、l,when,after,once,as soon as。e.g.:1.He said that he had learned some English before.2.By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.被动语态被动语态被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。只被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态
5、的有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态的具体用法如下所表示：具体用法如下所表示：用法用法例句例句不清楚动作的执行者时候不清楚动作的执行者时候(1)The Parthenon was built during this period.(2)His bike was stolen.没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者行者(1)Paper was first made in China.(2)Do you know when the building was built?强调或突出动作的承受者强调或突出动作的承受者(1)Paris is visited by more tha
6、n eight million tourists every year.(2)This painting was painted.直接引语直接引语:直接引用别人的话直接引用别人的话,把它放在引号内。把它放在引号内。(direct speech)间接引语间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话用自己的话转述别人的话(indirect speech)I am a beautiful girl.仔细观察仔细观察A、B、C三组句子，注意总结它三组句子，注意总结它们的变化规则。们的变化规则。A.1.He said,“I lost the bag.”2.He said that he had lost the b
7、ag.B.1.“Do you want to take part in the sports meeting?”asked the teacher.2.The teacher asked me if/whether I wanted to take part in the sports meeting.C.1.“When will you go fishing?”Jane asked her father.2.Jane asked her father when he would go fishing.【总结归纳总结归纳】上面三组句子中的第一句是直接引语，上面三组句子中的第一句是直接引语，第二
8、句是间接引语，它们可以相互转化，第二句是间接引语，它们可以相互转化，转化后的间接引语常常是宾语从句，引转化后的间接引语常常是宾语从句，引导词有如下特征：导词有如下特征：组别组别直接引直接引语语间间接引接引语语引引导词导词A陈陈述句述句that(可省略可省略)B一般疑一般疑问问句句if/whetherC特殊疑特殊疑问问句句wh-/howI.直接引语变间接引语的方法直接引语变间接引语的方法1).直接引语为陈述句时直接引语为陈述句时,变为间接引语变为间接引语,要用要用that引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。如：如：“The storm was extremely violent,”said a lo
9、cal man.A local man said that the storm had been extremely violent.2).直接引语为一般疑问句变为间接引语直接引语为一般疑问句变为间接引语,要用要用if/whether 引导宾语从句引导宾语从句,并将原并将原来来 的疑问语序变为陈述语序。的疑问语序变为陈述语序。如：如：The teacher asked,“is every body here today?”The teacher asked if every body was here that day.3).直接引语为特殊疑问句直接引语为特殊疑问句,变为间接引语变为间接引语,
10、用原来的疑问词引导从句用原来的疑问词引导从句,并将疑句语序并将疑句语序 变为陈述语序。变为陈述语序。如：如：“What shall I do next?”the girl wondered.The girl wondered what she should do next.4).直接引语为祈使句直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语变为间接引语,一般一般 用以下结构：用以下结构：order/tell/ask sb.(not)to do如：如：The headmaster said,“dont litter the floor with scraps of paper.”The headmaster t
11、old us not to litter the floor with scraps of paper.5).直接引语变为间接引语时直接引语变为间接引语时,宾语从句宾语从句中的中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语和人称、时态、代词、时间状语和地点状语地点状语等都要作相应变化。等都要作相应变化。人称的变化：人称的变化：遵循遵循一主、二宾、三不变一主、二宾、三不变的原则。即：的原则。即：直接引语中的直接引语中的第一人第一人称在变成间接引语称在变成间接引语时，要和时，要和原句中的主语原句中的主语保持一致；保持一致；直接引语中的直接引语中的第二人第二人称在变成间接引语称在变成间接引语时时,要和要和原句中的宾
12、语原句中的宾语保持一致保持一致;直接直接引语中的引语中的第三人第三人在变成间接引语时在变成间接引语时,保保持不变。持不变。变化项目变化项目直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语时态变化时态变化一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时过去进行时过去进行时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时II.时态的变化时态的变化变化项目变化项目直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语指示代词指示代词thisthese时间状语时间状语nowtoday,tonightthis week
13、/monththatthosethenthat day,that nightthat week/monthIII.指示代词指示代词/时间状语时间状语/地点状语等的变地点状语等的变化化yesterdayten days/weeksagotomorrow/next year.地点状语地点状语here方向性方向性动词动词comebringthe day beforeten daysbeforethe next day/year.theregotake【温馨提示温馨提示】1.当直接引语强调的是客观事实或真当直接引语强调的是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句中的时态理，变为间接引语时，从句中的时态不变
14、。如：不变。如：Mr.Wang said,“The earth travels around the sun.”Mr.Wang said(that)the earth travels around the sun.2.当直接引语中有表示过去的具体的时当直接引语中有表示过去的具体的时 间状语时，变为间接引语时，从句中间状语时，变为间接引语时，从句中 的谓语时态可以不变。如：的谓语时态可以不变。如：She said,“I was born in 1995.”She said(that)she was born in 1995.另外，如果在当地或者当天转述，时间另外，如果在当地或者当天转述，时间状语
15、、地点状语、动词需不需要发生变状语、地点状语、动词需不需要发生变化，这要看当时的语境来确定。化，这要看当时的语境来确定。I.将下列直接引语转换为间接引语。将下列直接引语转换为间接引语。1.Linda said,“Im meeting David for dinner.”Linda said(that)she _ _ David for dinner.2.Bill said,“I forgot to pay my electricity bill.”Bill said(that)he _ _ to pay his electricity bill.was meetingforgot to3.I
16、asked Jack,“Do you know the callers name?”I asked Jack _ _ _ _ _ _.4.The teacher asked him,“Why were you late yesterday?”The teacher asked him _ _ _ _ _ _ _.whether he knew the callers name why he waslate the day before5.“Dont make so much noise,boys,”the teacher said.The teacher told the boys _ _ _
17、 so much noise.not to make1.Volcanic eruption dont happen very often on the island.2.A scientist said that _2.No one was on the island during the volcanic eruption.A local journalist said that _ II.Rewrite the sentences using the reporting expressions.3.The thunderstorm will put out the fires.Local
18、people said that _4.The residents can go back to their homes.The governor said that _5.Several eruption have taken place in the last twenty years.A local radio station said that _Answers:1.Volcanic eruption didnt happen very often on the island.2.no one was/had been on the island during the volcanic
19、 eruption.3.the thunderstorm would put out the fires.4.the residents could go back to their homes.5.several eruptions had taken place in the previous twenty years.III.用括号内所给动词的适当时态和语态用括号内所给动词的适当时态和语态 填空。填空。1.Nothing _(leave)after the terrible fire which _(cause)by someone smoking in bed.2.When I _(g
20、et)home I _(find)that one of my suitcases _ (disappear).gotfounddisappearedwas leftwas caused3.Everything he had _(take)away from him before he _ (return)to his hometown.4.Did he decide to take part in the competition？Yes,of course.He _ (encourage)to.was takenreturnedwas encouragedthe California ear
21、thquakeRead the passage and answer the questions.1.Where was the worst Chinese earthquake?It was in Hua County in Shaanxi Province.2.What was the most dangerous thing about the California Earthquake?The fires caused by the earthquake.Find the useful words and phrases used to describe the earthquakes
22、.Hua CountyCaliforniaterrible earthquakesoccuraffectcoverbe killedin alllose ones lifethe worst earthquakethe firesburn destroybe killedbe made homelesscausedeathsLanguage points1.active adj.活跃的活跃的;(思想上思想上)充满活力充满活力的；积极的的；积极的 【例句例句】Mr.Brown was active at the party yesterday.布朗先生在昨天的聚会上很活跃。布朗先生在昨天的聚会上
23、很活跃。My little brother has a very active imagination.我小弟弟想象力十分丰富。我小弟弟想象力十分丰富。Students should take an active part in school activities.学生应该积极参加学校的活动。学生应该积极参加学校的活动。【链接链接】actively adv.积极地积极地;活跃地活跃地 activity n.活动活动activist n.积极分子积极分子2.The California Earthquake of the 18th of April 1906 is the worst earth
24、quake that has ever happened in the United States.【点拨点拨】本句是一个复合句。本句是一个复合句。that has ever happened in the United States为定为定语从句修饰先行词语从句修饰先行词earthquake,由于先行由于先行词被形容词最高级修饰，所以关系代词词被形容词最高级修饰，所以关系代词用用that;of the 18th of April 1906为介词为介词短语做后置定语修饰短语做后置定语修饰The California Earthquake。【句意句意】（发生于）（发生于）1906年年4月月18日
25、的加利福日的加利福尼亚大地震是在美国发生过的最强烈尼亚大地震是在美国发生过的最强烈的一场地震。的一场地震。1.1.What should you do if there is an What should you do if there is an earthquake in your town?earthquake in your town?2.2.2.In order to help people who lost 2.In order to help people who lost their families in the earthquake in their families in
26、 the earthquake in WenchuanWenchuan,what did you do?,what did you do?DiscussionAll of you have witnessed the earthquake in Wenchuan.Now discuss the following questions with your partner.1.Read the eye-witness account of a violent natural event and answer the questions.Writing1.Where did this happen?
27、2.What happened to the trees?3.Where did the person have to stay?4.For how long?Near the beach.Begin to move from side to side.In their rooms.About two days.2.Write a short passage about a natural disaster you have experienced.Suggestions:1).Give a description of the disaster.2).Write down your feel
28、ing about that.Can you use the expressions in your writing?be in ruins in a flashas a resultbecome homelesswhats worselose ones lifetake action变成废墟变成废墟顷刻间顷刻间结果结果无家可归无家可归更糟糕的是更糟糕的是丧生丧生采取行动采取行动donate moneyraise/collect moneycall on sb.to doshare pains and sorrows with.in a short timemake contributions
29、 to捐钱捐钱筹集资金筹集资金号召某人做号召某人做与与分担痛苦分担痛苦与伤悲与伤悲在短时间里在短时间里为为做出贡献做出贡献Some useful sentences for writing：They call on people to do anything in their power to help those in need.Many people are doing their part to help poor people out.What we can do will make much difference to our society.I am firmly convinced that they will overcome their difficulty and build a new future with the help of us.