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1、跨文化交际辅导课程跨文化交际辅导课程Contents Unit 1 Language and culture in communication Unit 2 Culture Shock Unit 3 Whats in a Name?Unit 5 Roles and Relationships Unit 6 Non-verbal Communication Unit 7 In other wordsChapter one Language and Culture in CommunicationYour ObjectivesBy the end of this unit you will be
2、able tounderstand the relationship between language,culture and communication;distinguish some general concepts,models and types of communication;recognize the meanings in communication,the definitions of a social situation and the goals in a social situation;be aware of situational schema and diffe
3、rent values and non-verbal signals in communication.CultureCulture:A shared background(e.g.National,ethnic,religious)resulting from a common language and communication style,customs,beliefs,attitudes,and values.It refers to the informal and often hidden patterns of human interactions,expressions,and
4、 viewpoints that people in one culture share.LanguageLanguage is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it.It is considered as the keystone of culture,for without language,culture would not be possible.In the broadest sense,language is the symbolic representation of a people,and it com
5、prises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.Learning a foreign language also means learning to see the world as native speakers of that language see it,learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas,customs,an
6、d behavior of that society,learning to understand their“language of the mind”.Learning a language,in fact,is inseparable from learning its culture.PrinciplesCulture,unlike language,is not comprised of fixed rules that apply to all members of one culture.Cultural generalizations are different from st
7、ereotypes.generalization:a general statement 概说，普遍化概说，普遍化 stereotype:a conventional,formulaic,oversimplified conception,opinion,or image 陈见陈见There are no absolute rights and wrongs implied in this course,only cultural differences.PrinciplesTwo levels of observation:a.All cultures have values and ide
8、als that their members say are true;b.Peoples behavior may not always reflect those values.Culture does not explain all behavior.It is best not to overemphasize either cultural differences or cultural similarities.Finally,learning about culture is enriching.CommunicationA kind of communication(verba
9、l and nonverbal)between people from different cultures.Life and CommunicationLife is communication and communication is life.Successful/unsuccessful communication in lifeCommunication means not only life but also development.Information is communicated and information means power and money.Models of
10、 CommunicationMono-cultural language communication:Communication between people speaking the same language.Unilateral(单方面的；片面的单方面的；片面的)cross-cultural language communication:Cross-cultural communication together with a bilingual speaker.Bilateral(双边的，双方的双边的，双方的)cross-cultural language communication:C
11、ommunication between people/interlocutors who have mastered both languages,they can switch freely to either of the two languages.Case StudyWhen having a dinner with Adam,a Canadian tourist who does not know Chinese at all,Xiao Wang is talking to him in simple English:“This is Sweet and Sour West Lak
12、e Fish.Please try try.”Please use bilateral cross-cultural communication model to analyze this communication.Meanings in CommunicationDiagnose the problems in the following case please:Angela,a Canadian,married a Chinese engineer Joe Wang in the States.Later Joes mother came to visit them from Hangz
13、hou,China.The next day after her arrival,Angela talked to Joe while his mother was playing with their little son Jeremy in the garden.Angela:Joe,how long is your mum going to stay?Joe:I dont know.I havent asked her.Angela:Why not ask her?Joe:How could I ask her?Angela:Why not?I just want to ask her
14、how long shes going to stay.To Angelas great puzzlement,the next day,her mother-in-law told them that she would leave for Hangzhou in a week.It seemed that the mother had overheard their conversation.But why?Question:What went wrong with Angela and her mother-in-law?Utterance(言辞言辞)meaning:The meanin
15、g what the utterance normally means.E.g.:How long is she going to stay?Speakers meaning:The meaning the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning.Angela wanted to know her mother-in-laws plan so that she might make some good arrangements.Hearers meaning:The meaning the hearer has un
16、derstood on the basis of the utterance meaning.According to Chinese custom,it might be impolite for a host to ask a guest about his or her staying plan which might imply that the guest is not welcome.Having overheard their conversation,Angelas mother-in-law misunderstood that Angela didnt welcome he
17、r,so she decided to leave them earlier than expected.Definitions of Social Smunity definition official interpretation of the situation-social situation of meeting,classroom teaching,etc.b.participants definitionGoals in Social SituationsWhat is a goal?A goal is a purpose you want to achieve by doing
18、 something.Goals in a social situation:a.institutionalized(习惯等习惯等)被确立的被确立的,被接受的被接受的)goals in public places b.private goalsSituational SchemaWhen you join a social gathering,you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.There is a technical term for such ru
19、les and proceduresschema(程式程式,模式模式,计划计划).How to Open a Seminar?-Right,ladies and gentlemen,welcome to this seminar.I have the great honor of presenting to you Prof.Simpson.His topic today is“”.Professor Simpson,please.-Well,its time.Every one is here?Im pleased to introduce Mr.How to Organize the Le
20、cture?-My talk consists of four parts.Part 1 outlines the relation between language,culture and communication;Part 2 introduces to you the notion of models of communication.Part 3 focuses on meanings in communication.And the last part will be on different values in communication.How to Highlight the
21、 Most Important Message?The point I want to drive home is we all make generalizations.Everyone generalizes every day just to make sense of his experience.Some generalizations include positive or negative judgments.How to Switch from One Section to Another?So first things first.Lets start with Part 1
22、Any questions so far?No?Good.Now part 2.This leads to the topic of Part 3.Lets move on to the topic of pollution,Part 3.Finally Part 4Different Values in CommunicationGroup Task Please have a discussion with your group members on how much misunderstanding might occur if with the literal English vers
23、ion of the following Chinese polite forms:Sue,an English teacher,had a birthday party at home last weekend.It was a good time,but she was a bit upset by one of her guests,Yang,a Chinese girl who has just come to the States.The following is their initial conversation:Sue:Oh,Yang,how nice you could co
24、me!Yang:Hi,Sue.Happy birthday!Sue:Thanks!Come on in.Can I take your coat?Yang:No,thanks.Sue:Ok,this way please.Yang:(takes off her own coat and hangs it.)Question:Why was Sue upset?Sue was upset because Yang did not let her hang her coat.Sues offer to hang Yangs coat is one of her ways of showing he
25、r hospitality.On Yangs side,she thought that Sue was her teacher and it was inappropriate to let her teacher hang her coat.So she did it by herself to show her respect for Sue.Here is an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.Case Study 2Please analyze the following case and
26、identify the misunderstanding.Professor Wang had written a book on Chinese but knew a little English.Last year he got to know an American professor Johnson who was to learn Chinese culture in a seminar.One day before professor Johnson went back to America,he decided to give him his book as a gift.Pr
27、of.Wang:Mr.Johnson,this is a clumsy book written by your humble servant.Prof.Johnson:Who is my humble servant?You?No,no,no,youre not my humble servant.You are kidding.Prof.Wang.Prof.Wang:No,I am not kidding.Its true.And I would like to give it to you a gift.I am sorry for this small gift.Prof.Johnso
28、n:Oh,great.Thanks very much.I like it very much.Whats it about?Question:What are the communication problems?The problem is the use of clumsy book(拙著拙著)and humble servant(鄙人鄙人).Since Professor Wang didnt know American culture quite well,he was being polite by belittling himself in perfect Chinese way
29、.However,this is not American politeness.In America,people would always try to be self-confident but not belittle themselves.Self-abnegation would be regarded as lacking confidence and thus would be shrugged off.Prof.Johnson didnt know much about Chinese politeness either.At first he was shocked by
30、Prof.Wangs polite expressions,then took them literally and pointed out that Prof.Wang was not his humble servant.Whats more,Prof.Wang didnt realize that in America the title of“Prof.”is more appreciated than“Mr.”.The meaning of“Mr.”is not the same as in Chinese“先生先生”which could be used to show high
31、respect.Briefly dramatize or present one similar situation of crosscultural social gatherings that might cause misunderstandings according to different values.A Chinese student had just arrived in the States.One day,when reading in his room,he heard someone shouting outside:“Watch out!”So he went to
32、 the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out whats going on outside.Just then,his head was right poured by the water from aboveQuestion:Would you please analyze the saying“watch out”with the three meanings?Unit 2Culture ShockYour ObjectivesBy the end of this unit you will be able tor
33、ecognize the cultural differences in terms of hospitality,modesty,privacy,and politeness;identify some contrasting values in Western and Eastern cultures,especially individualism versus collectivism theories;identify and avoid some taboo subjects in Western cultures;learn how to successfully manage
34、acculturation(文化适应文化适应).How to analyze Lisas problem?Lisa was taken aback by her host putting food onto her plate because this seldom happens in her country.Lisa kept finishing all the food on her plate because she wished to be polite.That was a big mistake because she found her plate refilled and m
35、any more dishes following.In the West,even if it was a formal dinner,there would be usually just three courses:soup,main dish,and dessert.But in China,an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup;a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.British HospitalityIn Britain,hospit
36、ality(好客好客)is not measured by how many dishes are provided as in China.It is shown by giving you freedom to choose whatever you really want.People never press you.They hardly put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself.So if you,as a guest,are shy or modest,waiting for the food to be pu
37、t on your plate,you will be disappointed.Please briefly compare the Chinese hospitality with that of British in the way of treating their guests a meal.ReferenceIn China,peoples hospitality is shown by the number of the dishes offered,as well as by the eagerness to impress the guest with the most ex
38、pensive and nutritious food.While in Britain,people value equality.Their hospitality is shown by treating the guest as an equal with the host.Believing in simplicity and frugality regarding food,they may offer their guest the same type of meal they usually eat.Part of the reason is their egalitarian
39、ism,and other reason is that the host wants to introduce the foreign guest to British food and eating customs.Chinese Hospitality Most Chinese people are hospitable to their guests,friends and relatives who are called“in-group members”but tend to be indifferent to the strangers who are labeled“out-g
40、roup members”.?Western Hospitality On the contrary,in the eyes of Westerners,strangers are not always treated with indifference.Believing in equality and showing respect for individual rights,they are hospitable to their guests,friends and relatives,but may also be hospitable to strangers.There can
41、also be situations when a Westerner seems to be very polite and nice to the strangers but not polite to friends or relatives.Common Topics in ChinaProper topics:age,income,property,the price of the purchase,general questions about ones family life,especially children,sports,weather,news,traveling,in
42、terests and hobbies,politics and religionImproper topics:very intimate questions about ones family life,topics concerning death,addressing the seniors given name onlyCommon Topics in the WestProper topics:weather,sports,news,work,traveling,interests and hobbiesImproper topics:personal questions abou
43、t age,weight,illness,income,property,religion and politicsI/C Theoriesindividualism:the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant;a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control 独独立自主的行为或原则立自主的行为或原则;个体观个体观individualist:one that asserts indiv
44、iduality by independence of thought and action 强调个性的人强调个性的人,主张通过思想和行动的独立来保持个性的人主张通过思想和行动的独立来保持个性的人collectivism:the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it 强调集体强调集体/团体利益优于其中的个体利益的行为方式或原则团体利益优于其中的个体利益的行为方式或原则collectivist:one that asserts the principle or the practic
45、e of giving a group priority over each individual in it 强调集体利益强调集体利益(高于个体利益高于个体利益)的人的人,强调团体的人强调团体的人,集体集体主义者主义者Individualism(个人观个人观):In some countries,people are most likely to value individual identity,which means the social unit is the individual and the interests of the individual are considered t
46、o be more important than those of the group.These countries are individualist cultures,and can also be described as“I”cultures.Individualist culture 强调个体利益强调个体利益/个性化的文化群体个性化的文化群体,这里可简称这里可简称“个体文化个体文化”Collectivism(集体观集体观):In other countries,people tend to place high value on group identity rather than
47、 individual identity,which means quite contrary to the individualist cultures,the interests of the individual are less important than those of the group.The social unit is the group.These countries are collectivist cultures,and can also be described as“We”cultures.Collectivist culture 强调集体利益的文化群体强调集
48、体利益的文化群体,这里可简称这里可简称“集体文化集体文化”Please use the following worksheet to tell the difference between individualism(“I”cultures)and collectivism(“We”cultures).Conflict threatens social stability;the expression of contrary opinions risks face,potentially disgracing all involved;openly speaking ones mind app
49、ears distasteful,even unseemly and downright dangerous in a hierarchical world of tangled ties.冲突会威胁社会的稳定，说出相反的意见，会有面子的危险，冲突会威胁社会的稳定，说出相反的意见，会有面子的危险，很有可能会冒犯所有有关的人；要在一个关系错综复杂、等很有可能会冒犯所有有关的人；要在一个关系错综复杂、等级森严的世界里，公开说出心里话，是会让人很不愉快的，级森严的世界里，公开说出心里话，是会让人很不愉快的，甚至不合适宜甚至不合适宜,而且相当危险的。而且相当危险的。Collectivist Ways
50、of CompetingChinese group members instinctively avoid open competition in a group unless there is a high level of trust among group members,but that does not mean there is no competition.Many of them vie for power by talking about their children,by praising someones virtue,and by making jokes.To see