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1、Three forms of words Blending (单词的混合）Clipping（缩略词）Acronymy （首字母缩合词）Back-formation第1页/共36页 .Blending Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.Words formed in this way are called blends orpormanteau word .第2页/共36页 For example,flush is
2、the combination of fl and ush.Blending is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.Moreover,they even serve as models for new formations.Hamburger is a popular fast food originating from German seaport Hamburg.Later people mistook it as a combi
3、nation of ham+burger and coined such words by analogy(类推）as beefburger,cheeseburger,shrimpburger.第3页/共36页 Four major groups of blends 1.head+tail autocide from (automobile+suicide)motel from(motor +hotel)chunnel from(channel +tunneslurb from(slum +suburb)第4页/共36页2.head +head comsat from(communicatio
4、n+satellite)telex from(teleprinter+exchange)Amerind from(American+Indian)sitcom from(situation+comedy)第5页/共36页3.head+word medicare from(medical+care)Eurasia from(Europe+Asia)telequiz from(telephone+quiz)autocamp from(automobile+camp)第6页/共36页4.word+tail lunarnaut from(lunar+astronaut)bookmobile from(
5、book+automobile)workfare from(work +welfare)tourmobile from(tour+automobile)第7页/共36页 The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very fewer areverbs and adjectives are even fewer.The few verbs are:telecast from(television+broadcast)guestimate from(guess+estimate)breathalyse from(breath+analyse).第8
6、页/共36页 The limited use of blends Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology,and to newspapers and magazines.Though many of them have already achieved currency in English,theyre still considered to be slang and informal.Dont use such words too often,particular in formal writi
7、ng.第9页/共36页.Clapping Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.This is called clipping.In modern times,people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of the new life.第10页/共36页 To save tim
8、e,one is likely to clip words frequently used.In school e.g.economics econ gymnastics gym mathematics math trigonometry trig第11页/共36页In catering business e.g.luncheon lunch hamburger burger coca cola coke in other aspects e.g.aeroplane plane earthquake quake 第12页/共36页 There are four common types of
9、clipping 1.Front clipping earthquake quake helicopter copter telescope scope telephone phone 第13页/共36页2.Back clipping memorandum memo (备忘录）discotheque disco（迪斯科舞厅）stereophonic stereo（立体声的）dormitory dorm gentleman gent fanatic fan 第14页/共36页3.Front and back clipping influenza flu refrigerator fridge(注
10、意变化形式）4.Phrase clipping public house pub popular music pop zoological zoo第15页/共36页Tip for some exchanges of words In some cases,clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciationsas indicated by fridge,in which the letter d Is inserted between I and g to conform the English ways of spe
11、lling andpronunciation.Here are more examples.第16页/共36页 e.g.bicycle bike microphone mike coca cola coke perambulator pram television telly This change in form and sound is possibly do to convenience and casualness in speech.第17页/共36页.Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming newwords By joining th
12、e initial letter of name ofsocial and Political organizations or specialnoun phrases and technical terms.Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronymy,depending on the pronunciation of the words.第18页/共36页 Initialisms Initialisms are words pronounced letter by Letter.In case like A.D.,B
13、.C.andC.O.D(cash on delivery),the letters areseparated by periods(句号）,but most of them have no periods between letters.第19页/共36页1.Letters represent full words VOA Voice of America BBC British Broadcasting Corporation UFO unidentified flying object c/o care of p.c.postcard第20页/共36页2.Letters represent
14、 constituents in a compound or just parts of a word TV television ID identification or identity card TB tuberculosis GHQ General Headquaters（总指挥部）第21页/共36页 Acronyms Acronyms are words formed from initialletters but pronounced as a normal word.e.g.radio detecting and ranging radar Women Appointed for
15、 Voluntary Emergency WAVES More examples are as follows:第22页/共36页 CORE Congress of Racial Equality NATO the North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAIDS acquired immune deficiency syndromeBASIC beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code TEFL teaching English as a foreign language第23页/共36页 Some acrony
16、ms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second N-bomb nuclear bomb D-notice Defence Notice G-man Government man D Day decimalization day V-Day Victory Day第24页/共36页 Both initialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and Thus extreme
17、ly productive.This is justified by the number of such words collected in E.T.Growleys Acronyms and Initialisms Dictionary.The 1st edition which appeared in 1961 contains 12,000 entries;the 2nd edition that came out in1965 lists 45,000 entries;the 3rd edition whichwas published in 1970 collects 80,00
18、0 entries,Almost twice the number of the second edition.第25页/共36页 With the advance of time,some of the words may fall out of use whereas by far a greater number of words will be added.Acronymy will undoubtedly remain an important contributor tocontemporary English vocabulary.第26页/共36页 Back-formation
19、 Definition of back-formation Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.As we know,suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to the bases,and back-formation is therefore themethod of creating words by removing the 第27页/共36页the supposed suffixes This is
20、 because many of the removed suffixes are not truesuffixes but inseparable partsof the words.Back-formation usually involves the following types of words.第28页/共36页1.Abstract nouns diagnose diagnosis donate donation enthuse enthusiasm emote emotion第29页/共36页2.Human nouns loaf loafer sculpt sculptor bu
21、rgle burglar beg beggar第30页/共36页3.Compound nouns and others eavesdrop eavesdropping merrymake merry-making babysit babysitter 第31页/共36页4.adjectives drowse drowsy laze lazy frivol frivolous第32页/共36页Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs There are only a few that can be used as nouns or both nouns and verbs.e.g.gloomy(a)gloom(n)greedy(a)greed(n)第33页/共36页 Stylistically,back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gainedpublic acceptance.Therefore,they should beused with care.第34页/共36页That s all 谢谢观赏第35页/共36页感谢您的观看！第36页/共36页