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1、 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms,which are unicellular or multicellular microscopic organisms.This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and algae(藻类)and prokaryotes such as bacteria.Viruses,though not strictly classed as living organisms,are also studied.Microbiology is a broad term which i
2、ncludes many branches like virology,mycology,parasitology and others.A person who specializes in the area of microbiology is a microbiologist.第1页/共29页第2页/共29页 2.Bacteria Most bacteria(singular:bacterium)are unicellular microorganisms.They grow in soil,acidic hot springs,radioactive waste,seawater,an
3、d deep in the Earths crust.There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells in the human body,with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and in the digestive tract.A few are beneficial,some are pathogenic bacteria and cause infectious diseases.第3页/共29页2.1 Morphology Bacteria
4、display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes,called morphologies.Most bacterial species are either spherical,called cocci(sing.coccus)or rod-shaped,called bacilli(sing.bacillus).Some rod-shaped bacteria,called vibrio（弧菌）,are slightly curved or comma-shaped;others,can be spiral-shaped,called spirilla
5、（螺菌）.第4页/共29页coccus(cocci)Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌Sarcina lutea藤黄八叠球菌藤黄八叠球菌Staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌金黄色葡萄球菌第5页/共29页Escherichia coli大肠埃希杆菌大肠埃希杆菌Bacillus bifidus 双歧杆菌双歧杆菌Bacillus anthracis炭疽芽孢杆菌炭疽芽孢杆菌bacillus(bacilli)第6页/共29页Vibrio cholerae霍乱弧菌霍乱弧菌Spirilla螺旋菌螺旋菌第7页/共29页2.2 Cell structure第8页/共
6、29页 capsule(荚膜):protection against phagocytosis and desiccation，help attachment of bacteria to other cells or surfaces，composed of polysaccharides and sometimes protein cell wall:prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast（原生质体）and confers rigidity and shape on cells Gram-positive bacteria:peptidoglyc
7、an（肽聚糖）complexed with teichoic acids（磷壁酸）Gram-negative bacteria:peptidoglycan surrounded by phospholipid，lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide(LPS,脂多糖)第9页/共29页 Plasma membrane:permeability barrier;transport of solutes;energy generation;location of numerous enzyme systems;composed of phospholipid and pr
8、otein Ribosome(核糖体):sites of translation(protein synthesis),composed of RNA and protein Plasmid(质粒):extrachromosomal genetic material,composed of DNA Pili（菌毛）and Flagella（鞭毛）:Swimming movement,composed of protein第10页/共29页 nucleoid：an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of prokaryotes which has
9、 nuclear material without a nuclear membrane and where the genetic material is localized.第11页/共29页3.Virus3.1 A virus is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.When independently exist-have no ability of metabolism(exchange material,transfer energy,
10、grow and reproduce)-nonlivingWhen be in a host-take over control of the metabolic activities of host cell,fulfill replication第12页/共29页3.2 Structure Each viral particle,or virion,consists of genetic material,DNA or RNA,within a protective protein coat called a capsid.第13页/共29页Hepatitis B virus乙型肝炎病毒乙
11、型肝炎病毒Influenza virus流感病毒流感病毒第14页/共29页Human immunodeficiency virus 人免疫缺陷病毒人免疫缺陷病毒 SARS virusSARS 病毒病毒第15页/共29页3.3 Replication第16页/共29页Attachment（吸附）is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface.This specificity determines the host range of a v
12、irus.For example,the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infects only human T cells,because its surface protein,gp120,can interact with CD4 receptor on the T cells surface.Penetration（侵入）:following attachment,viruses enter the host cell through receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusionUncoating（
13、脱壳）:a process in which the viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acidBiosynthesis（生物合成）:synthesis of viral protein and replication of viral genome.Assembly（装配）:assembly of intact virus Release（释放）:Viruses are released from the host cell by
14、 lysis第17页/共29页4.Importance of microorganisms to humankind 4.1 Microorganism and disease Pathogen:infectious agent,or more commonly germ,is a biological agent that causes disease to its host.Viral infection influenza（流感）,measle（麻疹）,chickenpox（水痘）,smallpox（天花），mumps（腮腺炎）Bacterial infection tuberculos
15、is（肺结核），pneumonia（肺炎），diphtheria（白喉）Parasitol infection malaria（疟疾）：caused by plasmodium(疟原虫)fungal infection:onychomycosis(甲癣)第18页/共29页 4.2 Microorganism and medicine 4.2.1 Antibiotics the substance,such as penicillin or streptomycin（链霉素）,produced by or derived from certain microorganisms such as a
16、ctinomycetes(放线菌）,fungi and bacteria（细菌）,that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.In clinic,it is used to fight against infectious diseases.Metabolism of microorganisms Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物）:amino acids,nucleic acids,vitamins Secondary metabolites(次级代谢产物）:antibiotics,horm
17、ones,pigments 第19页/共29页Classification according to chemical structure-lactam（-内酰胺）antibiotics：penicillin derivatives，cephalosporins（头孢菌素类）Aminoglycoside（氨基糖苷）antibiotics：streptomycin，kanamycintetracycline antibiotics:tetracycline,chlortetracycline（金霉素）Macrolide（大环内酯）antibiotics：erythromycinpolypepti
18、de antibiotics：polymyxin（多粘菌素），bacitracin（杆菌肽）第20页/共29页 Vaccine is a biological preparation that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease.Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.Vaccination（接种疫苗）is the administration of antigenic material(the vaccine)to produce immunity to a dise
19、ase.Vaccination is also called active immunization because the immune system is stimulated to develop its own immunity against the pathogen.Passive immunity,in contrast,results from the injection of antibodies formed by another animal(e.g.,horse)which provide immediate,but temporary,protection for t
20、he recipient.第21页/共29页Kinds of Vaccines1.Killed whole microorganisms Vaccines containing killed microorganisms-these are previously virulent micro-organisms which have been killed with chemicals or heat.Examples are vaccines against flu and hepatitis A.2.Attenuated（减毒的）microorganisms Vaccines contai
21、ning live,attenuated microorganisms-these are live micro-organisms that has been cultured so as to reduce its pathogenicity,but still retain some of the antigens of the virulent form.Examples include yellow fever,measles and mumps.第22页/共29页3.Toxoids A toxoid is a bacterial toxin(usually an exotoxin)
22、whose toxicity has been weakened or suppressed either by chemical(formalin)or heat treatment,while other properties,typically immunogenicity（免疫原性）,are maintained.Toxoids are used in vaccines as they induce an immune response to the original toxin.Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and
23、 diphtheria.第23页/共29页4.Subunit vaccine Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro-organism to an immune system,a fragment of it can create an immune response.A subunit vaccine is composed of a purified antigen molecules or antigenic determinant that is separated from the virulent org
24、anism.第24页/共29页Immunologic adjuvant（免疫佐剂）In immunology,an adjuvant is an agent that may stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a vaccine,without having any specific antigenic effect in itself.An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate,prolong,or enh
25、ance antigen-specific immune responses when coadministered with specific vaccine antigens.第25页/共29页Important morphemes parasit-parasite ectoparasite,endoparasite,parasiticide bacteri-bacteria bactericide,bacteristat,bacteriolysin,bacteriophage coccus staphylococcus,streptococcus myc/o,mycosis,mycin
26、mycology,bronchomycosis,streptomycin,erythromycin第26页/共29页zym-enzyme,fermentation zymogen,zymosis,penicill-penicillin penicillamine,penicillinase fung-fungus fungal,fungicide germ-pathogen germicide septic，sep-decayed，rotten sepsis，septicemia toxi，toxo-poison toxin，toxoid，cytotoxic，intoxication bio-life，living things biocatalysis，biologist，symbion 第27页/共29页Term analysis bacteriemia,septicemia,toxemia,pyemia endotoxin，exotoxin,antitoxin photoautotroph,photoheterotroph chemoautotroph，chemoheterotroph thermophile,thermostat aerobic microorganism,anaerobic microorganism第28页/共29页感谢您的观看！第29页/共29页