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1、AS 232 REVIEWHow much Fuel reserve do you need when flying IFR?How much Fuel reserve do you need when flying IFR?Destination plus 45 minutesIf an alternate is required,then to destination,then to alternate,plus 45 minutes.When do we need an alternate under IFR?When do we need an alternate under IFR?
2、NO IAP at destination airport-Alternate is required regardless of WXWith IAP at destination:1-2-3 Rule1 Hour before to 1 Hour after ETA-If less than 2000 ft Ceiling OR 3 statute miles Visibility forecastDuring an IFR departure with low ceilings,when do we call departure control?During an IFR departu
3、re with low ceilings,when do we call departure control?When instructed to do so by the tower,If there is no tower,then when time permits once airborneWhen should mode C be turned on while on an IFR flight?When should mode C be turned on while on an IFR flight?At all times,unless required by ATCList
4、3 Restrictions ATC can put on your departure time?List 3 Restrictions ATC can put on your departure time?Release TimeHold for ReleaseClearance Void TimeWhat is always given when a CLEARANCE LIMIT is assigned?What is always given when a CLEARANCE LIMIT is assigned?EFC Time(expect further clearance ti
5、me)What is a Cruise Clearance?What is a Cruise Clearance?Can fly any altitude between assigned cruise and MEACleared for any published approach at destinationWhat is VFR ON Top?What is VFR ON Top?Allows a pilot to fly VFR at VFR altitudes while maintaining his IFR Clearance above the cloudsWhat is C
6、LIMB to VFR ON Top?What is CLIMB to VFR ON Top?Allows a pilot to depart IFR(usually to a fix such as a VOR)and upon reaching VFR conditions,to Cancel the IFR and continue the flight VFRWhat is VFR OVER the Top?What is VFR OVER the Top?Nothing to do with IFR,just a VFR pilot flying on top of IMC cond
7、itions.What altimeter setting should we be using if above 18,000 feet?What altimeter setting should we be using if above 18,000 feet?29.92 in North America for pressure altitudeList 2 types of Departure ProceduresList 2 types of Departure Procedures ODP SIDDeparture StandardsCriteriaU.S.Standard for
8、 Terminal Instrument Procedures(TERPs)200 ft/nm is minimum climb gradientIF obstacles penetrate a slope of 152 ft/nm,beginning no higher than 35 feet above the departure end,a minimum ceiling and/or climb gradient may be required.How can you tell if a triangle is a Compulsory reporting point?How can
9、 you tell if a triangle is a Compulsory reporting point?It is SolidWhat are the only 2 things guaranteed at the MEA?What are the only 2 things guaranteed at the MEA?Obstruction clearance 1000 feet in non-mountainous area-2000 feet if over mountainous terrain)Acceptable navigation signal coverageDefi
10、ne MRADefine MRA Minimum Reception AltitudeMinimum altitude that ensures navigational reception for off-airway NavaidDefine MOCADefine MOCA Minimum Obstruction Clearance AltitudePreceded by an asterisk,This altitude meets obstacle clearance requirements and only ensures navigational signal coverage
11、within 22 nm of the facilityWhat is MCA?What is MCA?Minimum Crossing AltitudeA required altitude to change from a lower MEA to a higher MEA toward fast rising terrain or obstructions.MAA?MAA?Maximum Authorized Altitude guarantees you will only receive one navigational facility at a time below this a
12、ltitude.List 3 Changeover Points:List 3 Changeover Points:1.Changeover symbol2.Midpoint of airway 3.Where a Course Change occurs(mileage breakpoint)List the Required Reports,Anytime IFR?REQUIRED REPORTS14CFR 91.183&91.187UNFORECAST WEATHERSAFETY OF FLIGHTALTITUDE&TIME OVER REQUESTED REPORTING POINTS
13、FAILURE OF NAVIGATION,APPROACH,OR COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE14CFR 91.187MALFUNCTION REPORTWHO YOU AREWHAT BROKEHOW IT IS AFFECTING YOUR IFR CAPABILITYWHAT HELP DO YOU NEED FROM ATC?SHOULD ALWAYS REPORT WITHOUT REQUEST(AIM 5-3-3)VACATING ASSIGNED ALTITUDEALTITUDE CHANGES WHEN VFR-
14、ON-TOPCHANGE IN TAS 5%OR 10 KTS(WHICHEVER IS GREATER)UNABLE TO CLIMB/DESCEND AT LEAST 500 FPMUPON REACHING/LEAVING HOLDING FIX OR CLEARANCE LIMITMISSED APPROACHAdditional“Non Radar”reportsWhat reports are only required in a non-radar environment?POSITION REPORTS(91.183a)INBOUND AT FAF OR OMETA ERROR
15、 GREATER THAN 3 MINPOSITION REPORTAIM 5-3-2 dIDENTIFICATIONPOSITIONALTITUDETIMETYPE OF FLIGHT PLAN(FOR FSS)ETA&NAME OF NEXT FIXNAME ONLY OF FOLLOWING FIXSUPPLEMENTARY INFO(REMARKS)HOLDING CLEARANCEDIRECTION TO HOLD FROM FIX (8 CARDINAL COMPASS POINTS)HOLDING FIXCOURSE(RADIAL,BEARING,AIRWAY)DIRECTION
16、 OF TURNS(IF LEFT TURNS)LEG LENGTH(IF DME OR GPS)EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE TIMEList the 3 hold entry types:List the 3 hold entry types Teardrop Parallel DirectDirect Entry180 sector approaching fixFly to fix and turn in appropriate directionFirst turn is always in the direction of the holdTeardrop En
17、tryTurn to heading 30 from outbound heading(Left Add/Right Subtract)Maintain for 1 minuteParallel EntryFly parallel to inbound leg using outbound heading on non-holding side for 1 minuteRe-intercept course from holding sideThe 70 RulePTDStandard Holding70 degree sector on same side as direction of t
18、urns in holdLook for OUTBOUND HEADING(direction of holding)in sectorWingtip reference point(90 degrees)(For non-standard holding the Teardrop sector will be to the left and Parallel to the right)What is the max speed for holding?What is the max speed for holding?Up to 6000 MSL,200 KIAS6001 MSL to 14
19、000 MSL,230 KIAS14001 MSL and above,265 KIASWhat direction is a standard hold?What direction is a standard hold?Right turns are standardList the four segments of an approach chart:List the four segments of an approach Initial Intermediate Final Missed approachWhat does the MSA shown on an approach c
20、hart guarantee?What does the MSA shown on an approach chart guarantee?1000 feet of obstruction clearance within 25nm of the indicated facility.What is the TDZE?What is the TDZE?Touchdown Zone Elevation(The highest elevation in the first 3000 feet of runway)Define HAT?Define HAT?Height Above Touchdow
21、nThe Height above the TDZE for the runway specified in the approachUsed for straight-in minimumsDefine HAA?Define HAA?Height Above AirportHeight above the highest point on all usable runwaysUsed for circling minimumsWhat is a“Sidestep Maneuver”?What is a“Sidestep Maneuver”?When you are cleared for a
22、n approach to one runway,and then cleared to land on a parallel runway.List the 4 main parts to an approach plate:List the 4 main parts to an approach plate:Heading Plan View Pro MinimumsWhat is a“Timed approach from a holding pattern?”What is a“Timed approach from a holding fix?”When the control to
23、wer clears you to leave a fix at a specific time to shoot an approach and you will adjust your hold so as to leave the fix at that specified time.Procedure turn not authorized:“NORTH”N:“NoPT”on route segmentO:Otherwise directed by ATC(cleared straight-in)R:Radar vectors to final approach courseT:Tim
24、ed approach from holding fixH:Holding pattern or teardrop in lieu of PT What is the Maximum speed for Category“A”approaches?What is the Maximum speed for Category“A”approaches?Up to 90 knotsWhat is the speed range allowed for a Category“B”approach?What is the speed range allowed for a Category“B”app
25、roach?91 to 120 knotsWhat 3 criteria must be met in order to descend below MDA/DH?14CFR 91.175(c)no pilot may operate an aircraft below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DH unless Flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument ap
26、proach being used and Aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers andRunway environment is in sightFLIGHT VISIBILITY14CFR 1.1Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal dista
27、nce,from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight,at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.Name the 12 things you must see at DH/MDA to continue an approach:RUNWAY ENVIRONMENTat least one of the following vis
28、ual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot:The runway or runway markings,runway lights.The threshold,threshold markings,threshold lights.The touchdown zone,markings,touchdown zone lights.The runway end identifier lights.The visual approach slope indica
29、tor.The approach light system,except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEMSAIM 2-1-1&IFH 7-3
30、1ALSF-1 has red terminating barsALSF-2 has 2 red side row barsMALSR,MALSF,SSALR,ODALS,etc.have no red barsMay descend to 100 feet above TDZE if any ALS in sightMust see one of the other visual references to continue below 100 feet if no red bars,otherwise MISSED APPROACH!SOURCES OF WX INFO(IN-FLIGHT
31、)ATIS AWOS,ASOSFSSFLT WATCH(122.00)EFASHIWASTWEBCWAAIRMET(WA)SIGNIFICANT WX INTENDED FOR ALL PILOTS IN PREFLIGHT AND ENROUTE PHASES OF FLIGHT AND ENHANCE SAFETYSIERRA:EXTENSIVE MTN OBSCURATION AND WIDESPREAD IFR CONDITIONSTANGO:MODERATE TURBULENCE OR SFC WINDS 30 KTSZULU:MODERATE ICING AND FREEZING
32、LEVELSSIGMET(WS)1:TURBULENCE:SEVERE OR EXTREME OR CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE(CAT)2:ICING:SEVERE3:WINDS:DUSTSTORMS OR SANDSTORMS LOWERING VISIBILITY TO LESS THAN 3 MILES4:VOLANIC ERUPTION AND ASHCONVECTIVE SIGMET(WST)SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS due to:Surface winds greater than 50 KtsHail at the surface greater t
33、han in.diameterTornadoesEMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS A LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCING HEAVY PRECIP AFFECTING 40%OR MORE OF AN AREA AT LEAST 3000 SQUARE MILESILLUSIONS(AIM 8-1-5)InversionCoriolisElevatorFalse HorizonsLeansAutokinesisGraveyard Spiral/SpinSomatogravicRequired Instruments for I
34、FR 91.205(d)&(e)G enerator or alternatorR adios:Two-way Communication AND Navigation equipment appropriate to facilities usedA ltimeter(adjustable)B all(slip&skid)C lockA ttitude IndicatorR ate of turn indicatorD irectional gyroDME at&above FL 240Magnetic Compass errorsVariationDeviationMagnetic Dip
35、OscillationNortherly Turning ErrorsAcceleration ErrorsWhen rolling out TO North or South Heading.UNOS UndershootNorthOvershoot South When initiating a turn FROM North or South HeadingNorth OppositeSouthExaggerateAcceleration Errors(East or West)“ANDS”AccelerateNorthDecelerateSouthThe 3 Fundamental S
36、kills of attitude instrument flyingCross-checkInstrument InterpretationAircraft ControlList the 3 crosscheck errors:Fixation Omission Emphasis 2 Attitude Instrument Flying Concepts1)Control and PerformanceATTITUDE+POWER=PERFORMANCEControl:Attitude Indicator&Tachometer(or MP)Performance:everything el
37、se2)Primary/SupportPITCHBANKPOWERINSTRUMENTSWhat is a Primary Instrument?The instrument that provides the most pertinent and essential informationWhat is a Supporting Instrument?Supporting instruments backup the primary instrumentsWhat are the primary instruments for straight&level flight?PITCH:ALTI
38、METERBANK:HEADING INDICATORPOWER:AIRSPEED INDICATORPITCHBANKPOWERCHANGESTRAIGHT&LEVELWhat is the instrument used to establish a CHANGE in flight attitude?.What is the instrument used to establish a CHANGE in flight attitude?ATTITUDE INDICATORList three types of information displayed by the turn coor
39、dinator Rate of Roll Rate of Turn Quality of TurnWhat are the equipment tests&inspections required for IFR?Airworthiness Directives(recurring/one-time)VOR(preceding 30 days)Inspections(Annual/100 hour if for hire)Altimeter(preceding 24 calendar monthsTransponder(preceding 24 calendar months)ELT(prec
40、eding 12 calendar months)Static system(preceding 24 calendar mo.)VOR ChecksWithin preceding 30 days for IFRVOT(VOR Test facility)-360 FROM or 180 TODesignated Ground CheckpointPublished in AFD+/-4 of designated radialDesignated Airborne checkpointPublished in AFD+/-6 of designated radialAirway check
41、point91.171(b)(4)+/-6 of airway radialDual VOR checkTune both to same station.4 degrees of each otherVOR ChecksProcedure for VOR CheckpointsSet OBS to desired radialCDI must center within limitsMust record in aircraft log or other record:PLACEAMOUNT OF BEARING ERRORDATESIGNATUREAircraft Speed Limits
42、 10,000MSL 250 KIASAt or below 2500AGL within 4 nm of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace 200 KIASAirspace underlying a Class B or in a VFR corridor 200 KIASBASIC ELEMENTS OF CLEARANCECLEARANCE LIMITROUTEALTITUDEFREQUENCYTRANSPONDER CODE14 CFR 61.57Recent Flight Experience:Pilot in
43、CommandSection(c)Instrument experience6 calendar months6 approachesHolding,Intercepting and Tracking“66-HIT”Section(d)Instrument proficiency checkhave additional 6 calendar months grace14 CFR 91.103Preflight Action:NW KRAFT(a)For a flight under IFR,pilot should know:N-Notams(all available info conce
44、rning flight)W-weather reports and forecastsK-known traffic delaysR runway lengths A-alternatives availableF-fuel requirementsT Take Off/Landing Distance info,Section(b)IFR EmergenciesTwo emergency conditionsDistress MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAYThreatened by serious and/or imminent danger,require immediate
45、assistanceUrgency PAN PAN PAN not immediately dangerous,require prompt assistance to avoid a potentially catastrophic eventROUTE-LOST COMMAssignedRadar vectorExpectedAs FiledALTITUDE-LOST COMMHIGHEST OF:Minimum IFR altitudeExpected altitudeAssigned14 CFR 91.185IFR Operations:Two-Way Radio FailureVMC
46、:Continue VFR&land as soon as practicableIMCRoute Assigned-Radar Vector-Expect-As Filed in Flight PlanAltitude Highest of:Minimum-Expect-AssignedLeave clearance limit at EFC Time or ETA if no EFCMake a go/no-go decision:The 4 Risk Elements Pilot:IM SAFEAircraftEnvironmentOperationDECIDE MODELAPPLYIN
47、G THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS:HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES:Hazardous AttitudesAnti-AuthorityImpulsivityInvulnerabilityMachoResignationANTIDOTESFollow the rules-theyre usually rightNot so fast,think firstIt could happen to me!Taking chances is foolishIm not helpless-I can make a differenceAVIATENAVIGATECOMMUN
48、ICATEWorkload Management:Situational awareness:PAY ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING!Poor Judgement Chain:DONT DO ANYTHING STUPID!Controlled Flight into TerrainDONT HIT ANYTHING!Remember:Its always better to be on the ground,wishing you were in the airThan to be in the air,wishing you were on the ground.1、有时候
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