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1、语法专项突破语法专项突破语法专项动词的时态和语态语法专项动词的时态和语态 一、时态的基本用法1一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。如：He goes to school every day.(经常性动作)他每天去上学。He is very happy.(现在的状态)他很高兴知识必备知识必备 (2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。如：The train
2、 starts at nine in the morning.火车早上九点钟开。(3)表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用一般现在时。如：The story sounds very interesting.这个故事听起来很有趣。(4)书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。如：Wen meets journalists.温(家宝)出席记者招待会。(5)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。(即：主将从现)如：If you come this afternoon，well have a meeting.如果下午
3、你来，我们就开会。(6).客观真理,客观存在,科学事实,格言,警句等.Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。1.1.（20132013重庆3333).A Midsummer Nights A Midsummer Nights DreamDream at the Theatre Royal on 19th at the Theatre Royal on 19th June,and then June,and then tourstours throughout throughout Scotland.Scotland.A.opens A.opens B.is opened
4、B.is opened C.will open D.will be openedC.will open D.will be opened【答案】【答案】A A【解析】考查动词时态与语态。翻译：仲夏夜【解析】考查动词时态与语态。翻译：仲夏夜之梦于之梦于6 6月月1919日在皇家剧院首映，然后在苏格兰日在皇家剧院首映，然后在苏格兰各地巡回演出。对照并列连词各地巡回演出。对照并列连词andand之后的谓语动词之后的谓语动词tourstours可知，答案为可知，答案为A A，应用一般现在时态主动语，应用一般现在时态主动语态。态。2.(2011重庆31).Look at the pride on Tom
5、s face.He _ to have been praised by the manager just now.A.seemed B.seemsC.had seemed D.is seeming答案B【解析】考查时态。根据上文Look at the pride on Tom s face.可以确定是现在的情况，故用一般现在时。3.(20103.(2010重庆重庆2929).The palace caught fire three.The palace caught fire three times in the last century,and little of the original
6、times in the last century,and little of the original building _now.building _now.A.remainsA.remains B.is remainedB.is remainedC.is remainingC.is remaining D.has been remainedD.has been remained答案答案A A 【解析】考查时态。【解析】考查时态。remainremain在这儿意思是在这儿意思是“剩下，剩下，余留余留”，为不及物动词，整句话是对现在事实的陈，为不及物动词，整句话是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般
7、现在时。选述，所以用一般现在时。选 A A项。项。4.(2009重庆30).Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future _ to the welleducated.A.belongs B.is belonged C.is belonging D.will be belonged【答案】A。【解析】belong to不用于进行时，不用于被动语态，所以答案为A。2一般过去时的用法(1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。如：He saw Mr.Wang yesterday.昨天他看见王先生了。(2)
8、表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用“used to”或“would动词原形”代替)。如：During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea.假期期间我常在大海里游泳。I used to smoke.我曾经吸烟。注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。(3)表示过去连续发生的一系列动作。Tom was late.He opened the door quietly,moved in and walked carefully to his seat.汤母来晚了。他悄悄的打开门，小心翼翼的走到自己的位子上。(3)在语境
9、中的一般过去时，往往表示“刚才，在过去”之意，暗示现在已经“不再这样”。Oh,how nice of you!I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.你真是太好了！我从没有想过你会给我礼物。Your telephone number again?I didnt quiet catch it.再说一遍你的电话号码好吗？我刚才没有听见。1.(2013重庆21）.I felt very tired when I got home,and I_ straight to bed.A.go B.went C.had gone D.have gon
10、e【答案】B【解析】考查动词时态。根据题干并列连词and之前时态的提示，可知and之后的并列句应使用一般过去时态。2.(2012重庆22）.Kevin,you look worried.Anything wrong?Well,I_ a test and Im waiting for the result.A.will take B.took C.had taken D.take【答案】B【解析】根据答语的后半句可知，现在Kevin正在等待测试的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。因此，正确答案为B选项。3.(2010重庆24）.The book has been transl
11、ated into thirty languages since it _ on the market in 1973.A.had come B.has comeC.came D.comes答案.C 主句用现在完成时，since引导的从句用一般过去时可以从时间状语in 1973可知选择C。4.(2010重庆28）.Ive got to go now.Must you?I _ you could stay for dinner with us.A.think B.thought C.have thought D.am thinking【答案】B。【解析】通过对话语境可知我认为这个动作发生在对话之
12、前即过去，所以用一般过去时。5.(2012全国)I had been working on mathfor the whole afternoon and the number _before my eyes.A.swim B.swum C.swam D.had swum答案.C 前一个分句用了过去完成进行时，是相对于另一个过去的情况而言，所以后一个分句应该选一般过去时态。3一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will或shall动词原形”外，还有以下几种。(1)“to be going to动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。如：Dark clouds
13、are gathering.It is going to rain.乌云密集。天要下雨了。(2)go，come，start，move，sail，leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。如：She is leaving early tomorrow morning。明天早上她要早动身。(3)“be to动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。如：Are we to go on with this work?我们要继续这项工作吗？(4)“be about to动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。如：The plane is about to leave.飞机即将起飞。(5)某些词，如co
14、me，go，leave，arrive，start等的一般现在时可表示将来。如：The meeting starts at five oclock.会议五点钟开始。区别:(1)某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start等的一般现在时可表示将来.(时间可以改变)如：(2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。(时间不可以 改 变)如 begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。如：1.(2012重庆)27.Food supplies in the floodstricken ar
15、ea _.We must act immediately before theres left.A.have run out B.are running out C.have been run out D.are being run out【答案】B【解析】分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。2.(2012北京)By the time you have finished this book,your meal _cold.A.gets B.has g
16、ot C.will get D.is getting【答案】C【解析】分析题干语境可知,时间状语从句为现在完成时态替代将来完成时态，故主句用一般将来时态。4现在进行时的用法(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，由“be现在分词”构成。如：What are you doing？你在干什么？(2)按计划、安排近期发生的动作。如：Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.明天我要到北京去。(3)与always，constantly等连用，表示感情色彩。如：He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。另外“系动词介词或副词”，也表示进行时的意义。如：The
17、 bridge is under construction.桥梁正在建设中。(4)用进行时表示渐变过程。如：His health is improving each day.他的健康状况每天都在好转。注意：下列动词不用进行时：感觉类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear等；感情类：like，love，prefer，admire，hate，fear等；所 有 类：have，contain，own，hold，belong to等。(2011重庆)21.That piece of music sounds quite familiar.Who _ the pian
18、o upstairs?A.has played B.playedC.plays D.is playing 答案D【解析】考查时态。根据语境，“这首曲子听起来很熟悉”，说明这首钢琴曲正在弹奏。5过去进行时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was(were)现在分词”构成。如：He was reading a novel when I came in.当我进来时，他正在看小说。(2)与always，forever，constantly连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。如：He was always thinking of others，never thinking of him
19、self.他总是考虑别人，从未考虑自己。(2012福建)When did the computer crash?This morning,while I _the reading materials download from some websites.A.have sorted B.was sorting C.am sorting D.had sorted答案 B【解析】考查时态。表示正在将下载的阅读材料分类的时候。所以选择过去进行时态。6现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：(1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响，句中没有具体时间状语。如：H
20、e has gone to Fuzhou.他去福州了。(说话人认为他不在此地)He has been to Fuzhou.他去过福州。(说话人认为他在此地)(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常与for.和since.等表示一段时间的状语或so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。如：He has studied English for 5 years.他学习英语已经五年了。He has studied English since 1985.自从1985年以来他就学习英语。Its five years since he smoked.(3)还可用在时间和条
21、件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作，强调此动作先于主句动作发生。如：Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公交车停稳才能下车。(2012浙江)Alvin,are you coming with us?Id love to,but something unexpected_.A.has come up B.was coming upC.had come up D.would come up答案 A【解析】表示我很想和你们一起去，但是以外的事情发生了。所以应该用现在完成时。7过去完成时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。(就是
22、过去的过去)句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。如：By the time he was twelve，Edison had begun to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。(2)表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。如：Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.睡觉之前，他工作了12个小时。（2009重庆23）.She stared at the painting,wondering where she _ it.A.saw B.ha
23、s seen C.sees D.had seen【答案】D。【解析】see的动作发生在stared前，所以答案为过去完成时。(2012江苏32).The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _ some European business partners.A.would meet B.is meeting C.meets D.had met【答案】D解析have arrived表明经理已经从巴黎回来了,所以从句中的遇见是在have arrived之前所以就是过去的过去,即过去完成时态.8过去将来时的用法表示从过去的
24、某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“would动词原形”构成。如：They were sure that they would succeed.他们确信他们会成功。9将来进行时(will be doing)(1)表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带时间状语。这样的时间状语是：soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,at this time tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening等等。如：What will you be doing at this time next Monday?星期一的这个时间你会干什么？(2)表
25、示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。如：I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.我想她将做这个实验一直到明天早晨。(3)表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。如：Tomorrow I will be flying to Beijing.明天我将飞往北京。(4)表示委婉的请求When shall we be meeting again?我们什么时候将会再见面？(5)表示对将来的打算(区别于对将来的预测)My duties will end in July，and Ill be return
26、ing to Shanghai.七月份我的任务就结束了，我打算返回上海。10现在完成进行时(has/have been doing)(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。如：I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(2)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。如：We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，还会继续等)（2010重庆31）Why do you want to work for ou
27、r company?This is the job that I _forA.looked B.am to look C.had looked D.have been looking【答案】D。解析，表示在找到这个工作之前一直在找所以选择现在完成进行时。11将来完成时(shall/will have done)将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before将来时间或by将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。如：By the time I get home,my wife will have cooked the sup
28、per.我到家时，妻子会做好晚饭。时态练习1 1（20082008重庆）重庆）Judy is going to marry the sailor she _in Judy is going to marry the sailor she _in Rome last year.Rome last year.A.meets B.met C.has met D.would metA.meets B.met C.has met D.would met【答案】【答案】B.B.2.(20072.(2007重庆）重庆）Did Alan enjoy seeing his friends yesterday?D
29、id Alan enjoy seeing his friends yesterday?Yes,he did.He _his old friends for a long time.Yes,he did.He _his old friends for a long time.A.didnt see B.wouldnt see A.didnt see B.wouldnt see C.hasnt seen D.hadnt seenC.hasnt seen D.hadnt seen【答案】【答案】D.D.3(20073(2007重庆）重庆）When I called you this morning,
30、nobody When I called you this morning,nobody answered the phone.Where_?answered the phone.Where_?A.did you go B.have you go C.were you D.had you beenA.did you go B.have you go C.were you D.had you been【答案】【答案】C.C.4.(20064.(2006重庆重庆)I have to go to work by taxi because)I have to go to work by taxi be
31、cause my car_at garage.my car_at garage.A.will be repaired B.is repairedA.will be repaired B.is repairedC.is being repaired D.has been repairedC.is being repaired D.has been repaired【答案】【答案】C.C.5 I _in London for many years,but I have never 5 I _in London for many years,but I have never regetted my
32、final decision to move back to China.regetted my final decision to move back to China.A.lived B.was livingA.lived B.was livingC.have lived D.had livedC.have lived D.had lived【答案】【答案】A.A.6.Whats wrong with your coat?6.Whats wrong with your coat?Just now when I wanted to get off the bus,the Just now w
33、hen I wanted to get off the bus,the man next me _on it.man next me _on it.A.sat B.had sat A.sat B.had sat C.had been sitting D.was sitting C.had been sitting D.was sitting【答案】【答案】D D被动语态二、动词的被动语态语态表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。被动语态常由助动词be加及物
34、动词的过去分词构成。1几种形式的被动语态(以动词give为例)一般现在时态am/is/are given一般过去时态was/were given一般将来时态shall/will be given过去将来时态would be given现在进行时态am/is/are being given过去进行时态was/were being given现在完成时态has/have been given过去完成时态had been given将来完成时态shall/will have been given过去将来完成时态would have been given2特殊结构的被动形式(1)“be过去分词不定式”
35、式的被动结构She is said to know three languages.据说她懂三门语言。(2)“itbe过去分词从句”式的被动结构Its reported that they have discovered a new star.据报道他们已发现一颗新恒星。(3)“getdone”构成被动语态此种形式用来表示状态或情况，常考的形式如下：get married结婚；get engaged订婚；get hurt/wounded受伤；get lost迷路；get drunk喝醉 了；get caught/stuck/trapped被 困；get dressed穿好衣服；get run
36、over被(车)轧等。三、易错考点(一)主动形式表被动意义1一些感官动词，如：feel，sound，smell，look，taste等用作系动词时。The dish tastes delicious.这道菜味道可口。2说明主语的性质、特点的动词，如：read，write，cut，sell，wash，wear，lock等，其主语往往是物。The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly.他昨天买的这支钢笔书写流畅。3在“be形容词不定式”结构中，不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时。用于此结构的形容词常见的有：difficult，hard，easy，lig
37、ht，heavy，expensive，cheap，pleasant，interesting，fit，comfortable等。The man is very easy to get along with.这人很容易相处。4当want，need，require表示“需要”时，其宾语用动词ing形式表示被动意义。The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing.他祖母住的房子需要维修。5在be(well)worth doing，be to blame，be to let 等中用主动形式表示被动意义。The book he borrowed fro
38、m the library yesterday is well worth reading.他昨天从图书馆借的那本书很值得读。(二)动词时态在某些固定句型中的用法1 It/This/That is/was the first/second.time that.这是某人第一/二次做某事，that从句用现在完成时/过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen this film.这是我第一次看这部电影。2It is(has been)/was时间段since从句，从句中用一般过去时/过去完成时；It will(not)be/was(not)时间段before从
39、句，从句中用一般现在时/一般过去时。Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before Brian gets back.很抱歉让你等了这么久，但布莱恩还要过段时间才能回来。3 Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had.when.,No sooner had.than.中，when从句和than从句用一般过去时。Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in.我刚一开门汤姆就进来了。1借助状语从句，进行时态替换。在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，我们常常进
40、行时态的替换。When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan.Awill finishBare finishingCare to finishDhave finished技巧点拨技巧点拨 解析：回答部分是“We shall not restart our business until we have finished our plan.”的省略形式。until引导一个时间状语从句，故用现在完成时，选D。句意：直到完成计划，我们才重新开始生意。答案：D2体会真实语境，分清动作先后。高考对时态的考查不再是单纯语法规则的死记硬背，而是更注重对语法知识的具体运用，即将语法知识置于一定的语境中，要求考生在实际语言环境中选择一个最佳选项。做题时应树立全局观念，要认真读题干，根据提供的语境，挖掘题中的隐含信息，从而找到解题的突破口。例如：(2013浙江白鹭洲中学月考)You do a very good job in Japanese translation!Thanks.I _ Japanese at Tokyo University for four years.AstudiedBhad studiedCwas studyingDwould study解析：表示过去做了一段时间的某事，用一般过去时，故A项正确。答案：A