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1、The Markets for Factors of Production生产要素市场生产要素市场Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.生产要素是指用于生产物品与劳务的投入。第1页/共74页The Market for the Factors of ProductionThe demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.uA firms demand for a factor of production is derived
2、from its decision to supply a good in another market.第2页/共74页生产要素市场生产要素市场生产要素的需求是 派生需求。u企业的生产要素需求，是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。第3页/共74页The Demand for Labor劳动需求劳动需求Labor markets,like other markets in the economy,are governed by the forces of supply and demand.与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。第4页/共74页Figure 1 The
3、Versatility of Supply and DemandQuantity ofApples0Price ofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofApple Pickers0Wage ofApplePickers(a)The Market for Apples(b)The Market for Apple PickersPQLW第5页/共74页图图1.供给与需求的多样化供给与需求的多样化(a)苹果市场苹果市场(b)摘苹果工人市场摘苹果工人市场苹果的数量苹果的数量工人数量工人数量QLPW00苹果的苹果的价格价格摘苹果摘苹果工人的工人的工资工资需
4、求需求需求需求供给供给供给供给第6页/共74页The Demand For Labor劳动需求劳动需求Most labor services,rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers,are inputs into the production of other goods.大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。第7页/共74页The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe production fun
5、ction illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.第8页/共74页生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数 说明用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。第9页/共74页Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to HireCopyright2004 South-Western第10页/共74页表表1.竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数竞争性
6、企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量量第11页/共74页Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量苹果数量 1 2 3 45第12页/共74页The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of outp
7、ut from an additional unit of labor.MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)第13页/共74页生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量劳动的边际产量增加的一个单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)第14页/共74页The Production Function and the Marginal Product of LaborDiminishing Marginal Product of LaborAs the number of workers increases,the marginal pr
8、oduct of labor declines.As more and more workers are hired,each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one.The production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises.This property is called diminishing marginal product.第15页/共74页生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量边际产量递减随着工人数
9、量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来越平坦。这种性质被称为边际产量递减。.第16页/共74页Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量苹果数量 1 2 3 45第17页/共74页The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Deman
10、d for LaboruThe value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the output.VMPL=MPL X P 第18页/共74页劳动边际产量值与劳动需求劳动边际产量值与劳动需求u边际产量值一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。VMPL=MPL X P 第19页/共74页The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaboruThe value of
11、 the marginal product(also known as marginal revenue product)is measured in dollars.uIt diminishes as the number of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant.第20页/共74页劳动的边际产量值劳动的边际产量值u边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产量）以美元计算。u如果产品价格不变，边际产量值随着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。第21页/共74页The Value of the Marginal Product
12、 and the Demand for LaboruTo maximize profit,the competitive,profit-maximizing firm hires workers up to the point where the value of marginal product of labor equals the wage.VMPL=Wage第22页/共74页边际产量值与劳动需求边际产量值与劳动需求u为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。边际产量值=工资第23页/共74页The Value of the M
13、arginal Product and the Demand for Labor边际产量值与劳动需求边际产量值与劳动需求The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive,profit-maximizing firm.对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来说，边际产量值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。第24页/共74页Figure 3 The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor0Quantity ofApple Pickers0Value of theMa
14、rginalProductValue of marginal product(demand curve for labor)MarketwageProfit-maximizing quantity第25页/共74页图图3.劳动的边际产量值劳动的边际产量值0摘苹果摘苹果工人数量工人数量0边际边际产量值产量值边际产量值边际产量值（劳动需求曲线）（劳动需求曲线）市场市场工资工资利润最大化产量利润最大化产量第26页/共74页FYIInput Demand and Output SupplyWhen a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at wh
15、ich the value of the marginal product equals the wage,it also produces up to the point at which the price equals the marginal cost.第27页/共74页参考资料：投入需求与产量供给参考资料：投入需求与产量供给当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。第28页/共74页What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？uOut
16、put Price 产品价格uTechnological Change 技术变革uSupply of Other factors 其他要素的供给第29页/共74页The Supply of LaboruThe labor supply curve reflects how workers decisions about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost.uAn upward-sloping labor supply curve means that an increase in the wages
17、 induces workers to increase the quantity of labor they supply.第30页/共74页劳动供给劳动供给u劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据机会成本的变动作出劳动闲暇权衡取舍的决策。u向上倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着，工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳动量。第31页/共74页Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market 劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡Supply 供给供给Wage(price of labor)工资（劳动的价格）工资（劳动的价格）Quantity of Labor劳动量劳动量0第32页/共74页What
18、Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？uChanges in Tastes 嗜好变动uChanges in Alternative Opportunities 可供选择机会的改变uImmigration 移民第33页/共74页Equilibrium in the Labor Market劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡uThe wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor.工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。uThe wage equals the v
19、alue of the marginal product of labor.工资等于劳动的边际产量值。第34页/共74页Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor MarketCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage,WEquilibriumemployment,L第35页/共74页均衡就业量均衡就业量,L图图4.劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡供给供给工资工资(劳动的价格劳动的价格)劳动量劳动量0需求需求均
20、衡工资均衡工资,W第36页/共74页Equilibrium in the Labor Market劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡uLabor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage.劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。uShifts in the supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to change.劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工资变动。第37页/共74页Figure 5 A Shift in Labor SupplyCopyright
21、2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupply,SDemand2.reducesthe wage.3.and raises employment.1.An increase inlabor supply.SWLWL第38页/共74页图图5.劳动供给的移动劳动供给的移动工资工资(劳动的价格劳动的价格)W10劳动量劳动量L1供给供给,S1 需求需求2.工资工资 下降下降3.以及就业增加。以及就业增加。1.劳动供给增加劳动供给增加S2 W2 L2第39页/共74页A Shift in Labor
22、 SupplyuAn increase in the supply of labor:uResults in a surplus of labor.uPuts downward pressure on wages.uMakes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.uResults in diminishing marginal product.uLowers the value of the marginal product.uGives a new equilibrium.第40页/共74页劳动供给的移动劳动供给的移动u劳动供给移动:u导
23、致劳动过剩；u引起工资下降的压力；u使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；u导致工人的边际产量递减；u降低了边际产量值；u达到新的均衡。第41页/共74页Figure 6 A Shift in Labor DemandCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemand,D2.increasesthe wage.3.and increases employment.DWLWL1.An increase inlabor demand.第42页/共74页图图6.劳动需求的移动劳动需
24、求的移动工资工资(劳动的价格）劳动的价格）W10劳动量劳动量L1供给供给需求需求,D12.工资工资上升上升3.以及就业增加以及就业增加1.劳动需求增加劳动需求增加D2 W2 L2 第43页/共74页Shifts in Labor DemanduAn increase in the demand for labor:uMakes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.uPuts upward pressure on wages.uRaises the value of the marginal product.uGives a new equi
25、librium.第44页/共74页劳动需求的移动劳动需求的移动u劳动需求的移动:u使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；u引起工资上升的压力；u提高了边际产量值；u得到新的均衡。第45页/共74页Table 2 Productivity and Wage Growth in the United States.Copyright2004 South-Western第46页/共74页表表2.美国的生产率与工资增长美国的生产率与工资增长第47页/共74页Productivity and Wage Growth around the World第48页/共74页世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增世界各国与地区的
26、生产率与工资增长长第49页/共74页Three Determinants of ProductivityuPhysical CapitaluWhen workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures,they produce more.uHuman CapitaluWhen workers are more educated,they produce more.uTechnological KnowledgeuWhen workers have access to more sophisticated technol
27、ogies,they produce more.第50页/共74页生产率的三个决定因素生产率的三个决定因素u物质资本u当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们生产的就越多。u人力资本u当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。u技术知识u当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越多。第51页/共74页Other Factors of Production:Land and CapitaluCapital refers to the stock of equipment and structures used for production.uThe economys capital represent
28、s the accumulation of goods produced in the past that are being used in the present to produce new goods and services.第52页/共74页其它生产要素其它生产要素:土地和资本土地和资本u资本 是指生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。u经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品和劳务的过去生产的物品的积累。第53页/共74页Other Factors of Production:Land and CapitalPrices of Land and CapitalThe purchase p
29、rice is what a person pays to own a factor of production indefinitely.The rental price is what a person pays to use a factor of production for a limited period of time.第54页/共74页其它生产要素其它生产要素:土地和资本土地和资本土地和资本的价格购买价格 是一个人为了无限期地拥有那些生产要素而支付的价格。租赁价格 是一个人为了在一个有限时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价格。第55页/共74页Equilibrium in Mark
30、ets for Land and CapitaluThe rental price of land and the rental price of capital are determined by supply and demand.uThe firm increases the quantity hired until the value of the factors marginal product equals the factors price.第56页/共74页土地和资本市场的均衡土地和资本市场的均衡u土地与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需求决定的。u企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边际
31、产量值等于要素的价格时为止。第57页/共74页Figure 7 The Markets for Land and CapitalQuantity ofLand0RentalPrice ofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofCapital0RentalPrice ofCapitalQP(a)The Market for Land(b)The Market for CapitalPQ第58页/共74页图图7.土地和资本市场土地和资本市场土地量土地量资本量资本量QQPP00土地的租土地的租赁价格赁价格资本的租资本的租赁价格赁价格需求需求需求需求供给供给供给
32、供给(a)土地市场土地市场(b)资本市场资本市场第59页/共74页Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitaluEach factors rental price must equal the value of their marginal product.uThey each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process.第60页/共74页土地和资本市场的均衡土地和资本市场的均衡u每种要素的租赁价格 一定等于那种要素的边际产量值。u每种要素各自赚到了它们
33、对生产过程的边际贡献的价值。第61页/共74页Linkages Among the Factors of ProductionFactors of production are used together.uThe marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available.第62页/共74页生产要素之间的联系生产要素之间的联系 在大多数情况下，生产要素组合在一起使用。u任何一种要素的边际产量依赖于其它要素的可获得量。第63页/共74页Linkages Among
34、the Factors of Production生产要素之间的联系生产要素之间的联系A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors.任何一种生产要素的变化都会改变所有要素的收入。第64页/共74页Linkages Among the Factors of Production生产要素之间的联系生产要素之间的联系A change in earnings of any factor can be found by analyzing the impact of the event on the
35、 value of the marginal product of that factor.通过分析某个事件对那种要素边际产量值的影响来找出任何一种要素收入的变化。第65页/共74页SummaryThe economys income is distributed in the markets for the factors of production.The three most important factors of production are labor,land,and capital.The demand for a factor,such as labor,is a deriv
36、ed demand that comes from firms that use the factors to produce goods and services.第66页/共74页小结小结u经济的收入是在生产要素市场上分配的。u三个最重要的生产要素是劳动、土地和资本。u要素需求（例如劳动）是一种派生需求，它产生于用这些要素生产物品与劳务的企业。第67页/共74页SummaryuCompetitive,profit-maximizing firms hire each factor up to the point at which the value of the marginal prod
37、uct of the factor equals its price.uThe supply of labor arises from individuals tradeoff between work and leisure.uAn upward-sloping labor supply curve means that people respond to an increase in the wage by enjoying less leisure and working more hours.第68页/共74页小结小结u竞争的、追求利润最大化的企业使用每一种要素的量要达到该要素的边际产
38、量值等于其价格这一点上。u劳动的供给产生于个人在工作和闲暇之间的权衡取舍。u向右上方倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着人们对工资上升的反应是享受较少的闲暇和更长时间的工作。第69页/共74页SummaryuThe price paid to each factor adjusts to balance the supply and demand for that factor.uBecause factor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of that factor,in equilibrium each factor is comp
39、ensated according to its marginal contribution to the production of goods and services.第70页/共74页小结小结u支付给每种要素的价格的调节使该要素的供求平衡。u由于要素需求反映了那种因素的边际产量值，在均衡时每种要素根据其对物品和劳务生产的边际贡献得到报酬。第71页/共74页SummaryuBecause factors of production are used together,the marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available.uAs a result,a change in the supply of one factor alters the equilibrium earnings of all the factors.第72页/共74页小结小结u由于生产要素是同时使用，所以，任何一种要素的边际产量都取决于可以得到的所有要素量。u结果，一种要素供给的变化改变了所有要素的均衡收入。第73页/共74页感谢您的欣赏！第74页/共74页