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1、阅读材料阅读材料题材：题材：故事，寓言，故事，寓言，人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等体裁：体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等格等第1页/共84页学生素质学生素质阅读速度阅读速度理解程度理解程度思维能力思维能力综合文化素质综合文化素质第2页/共84页具体考查的内容具体考查的内容理解具体信息理解具体信息推测生词词义推测生词词义理解概念性含义理解概念性含义判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申理解主旨
2、要义理解主旨要义理解结构，句段关系理解结构，句段关系理解作者意图理解作者意图第3页/共84页解题步骤解题步骤一、快速阅读，读懂大意一、快速阅读，读懂大意二、明确要求，逐一解答二、明确要求，逐一解答三、重读问题，理解问题三、重读问题，理解问题四、带着问题，重读文章四、带着问题，重读文章五、复读全文，最后把关五、复读全文，最后把关第4页/共84页题型大聚会题型大聚会1.推理题推理题2.词汇题词汇题3.主旨题主旨题4.态度观点题态度观点题5.指代题指代题第5页/共84页解题技巧碰碰碰解题技巧碰碰碰第6页/共84页（一）推理题及解题技巧（一）推理题及解题技巧推理题：推理题：数字推理数字推理知识推断知识
3、推断逻辑推理逻辑推理细节推断细节推断考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。第7页/共84页考查学生考查学生判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申理解作者的意图、观点或态度理解作者的意图、观点或态度常用逻辑词常用逻辑词:“infer,conclude,imply,suggest”等。等。推论推论 推断推断暗示暗示 暗示暗示第8页/共84页技巧技巧1.吃：吃透意思吃：吃透意思2.捕：捕捉线索捕：捕捉线索3.挖：挖掘加工挖：挖掘加工4.握：把握关系握：把握关系5.摸：揣摸作者摸：揣摸作者第9页/共84页1.数字推断题MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheu
4、nderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsagoA第10页/共84页Party in Taiwan
5、.On his nine-day trip from May 5-13,he visited Xian,Nanjing,Shanghai and Changsha,as well as Beijing.Soong,63,was born in Xiangtan,Hunan Province in 1942.He went to Taiwan with his father at the age of seven.67.Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _.A.1942 B.1945 C.1949 D.19481.数字推断题第11页/共84页例题：T
6、heUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin1783,andNewYorkWasitscapitalforashorttime.TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin_.A.the17thcenturyB.the16thcenturyC.the18thcenturyD.the19thcentury注意年与世纪的关系，例如：1867年是19世纪，1990年是20世纪,2008年是21世纪。第12页/共84页2.知识推断题知识推断题知识推断：知识推断：根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论
7、的一种推断方法。根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。第13页/共84页实例实例Tokyo：Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire（蓝宝石）（蓝宝石）worthnearlysixhundreddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibiti
8、onobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apolicesaid.Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseumC第14页/共84页3.逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论：逻辑结论：指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑
9、的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。第15页/共84页实例实例Myfatherhaslittletimeforfilms.Butonedayashefinishedhiswork,hefoundafilmticketundertheglassonthedesk.Hewenttothecinemaquickly.Whenhewasseated,awomancametomyfatherandsaidtheseatwashers.Theybothtookouttheirticketsandfoundtheseatshownonthe
10、mwasRow8,Seat16.Afterlookingattheticketmorecarefully,myfathersaid,“Sorry,itsnottodaysticket.”Fromthispassagewecanknowthatthewritersfatherwas_.careless第16页/共84页4.细节推断题细节推断题为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如what,who,where,when,等，即等，即“supportingdetails”。所依据的所依据的细节细节第17页/共84页实例实例Whenthebellw
11、asringing.Theboyscameintotheroom.Eachonehadabatoraball.Allhadredfaces.Theyweregladtogetintotheirseats.Theteachersaiditwastimetogetbacktowork.Whichofthefollowingsentenceisprobablytrue?A.Theclasswasover.B.Theboyshadjustcomebackfromplaying.C.Theteachertoldtheboystowork.B很可能的第18页/共84页细节认定题细节认定题。此类题主要考查学
12、生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。第19页/共84页【考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）Vision-phones can be of great use when you have somethings to show the person whom you are calling.It may also have other uses in the future.Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over y
13、our vision-phone.You may be able to do some shopping through it,too.59.Inthefuture,youcanuseavision-phoneto_.A.readabookB.askanassistanttoreadabookforyouC.askanassistanttobringyouabookD.askanassistanttodosomeshoppingforyou第20页/共84页【剖析】根据Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a
14、 book right over your vision-phone.结合someday与题干中的In the future 相等。所以答案为A第21页/共84页The deep sea is not an easy place to live in.It is cold and dark.The deeper it is,the less light there is.At the depth of about 3,000feet,there is not light at all.Besides the cold and darkness,sea animals face a third
15、dangerother animals.Animals eat!They must find food to eat.Many animals eat plants.However,some eat meat.【考题再现考题再现】（2007天津中考题）第22页/共84页 63.How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea according to the passage?A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four65.According to the passage,which of the following is WRONG
16、?A.When one animal finds something to eat,it may be eaten by others.B.Many sea animals eat plants.C.The deeper the sea is,the darker it is.D.At the depth of 3,000 feet,all animals can find their ways.第23页/共84页63.选C根据文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness,sea animals face a third danger-otheranimals这组句子。
17、64.选D根据文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet,there is no light at all.可推断；没有光线，就很难找到路，D项不符第24页/共84页常见的推理判断题题干常见的推理判断题题干According tothepassage，what/whichis“”?Whichofthefollowingstatementis(not)true/correct/mentioned/listed/included?Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue/correct/mentionedexcept_?根据根据下
18、面的下面的陈述，表述陈述，表述正确的正确的正确的正确的提到的提到的列出的列出的包括的包括的第25页/共84页（二）词汇题及解题技巧（二）词汇题及解题技巧测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。标志是标志是Theunderlinedword“”inlinerefersto下划线的下划线的划线的划线的指的是指的是第26页/共84页技巧技巧返回原文，找到该句子返回原文，找到该句子结合上下文，理解该词意思结合上下文，理解该词意思重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用选项中的正
19、确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达其他词汇表达超纲超纲词汇不是正确答案词汇不是正确答案正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后第27页/共84页1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词借助关联词借助关联词(如如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等等等)You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.猜词题实例猜词题实例因为因此因此结果结果因此因此错误错误第28页/共84页2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义
20、词和反义词的关系猜词1)同义词同义词and或或or连接的词组连接的词组e.g.happyandgayhappyorsad解释过程中使用的同义词解释过程中使用的同义词e.g.ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars,andJupiter.行星行星金星金星火星火星木星木星第29页/共84页2)反义词反义词表转折关系的连词或副词，表转折关系的连词或副词，如如but，while，however等等与与not搭配的或表示否定意义搭配的或表示否定意义的词语的词语Heissohomely，notashandsomeashisbrother.第30页/共84页
21、3.通过构词法猜词通过构词法猜词1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。2).后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。3).后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，science、scientist，art、artist等。第31页/共84页4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义But
22、 sometimes,no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought.第32页/共84页5.通过句法功能来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.第33页/共84页6.通过描述猜词通过描述猜词ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Al
23、thoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.第34页/共84页When Jack first heard about these children,he wanted to help them.Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa.“When I met her,I felt very very happy.”He said“And I saw that the money was used for a good cause.I want to do everything
24、I want to go on helping those children.”65.The underlined words“for a good cause”means “_”in Chinese.A.施舍 B.行善 C.优惠 D.赏赐【剖析剖析】单从单从cause一词很难判断，一词很难判断，cause有有“原因，理由，事业原因，理由，事业”，也有，也有“使使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。
25、，这给他带来很多快乐。【考题再现考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）第35页/共84页（三）主旨题及解题技巧（三）主旨题及解题技巧主旨要义主旨要义整体理解整体理解概括能力概括能力标志词有：标志词有：“mainlyabout；mainlydiscuss；besttitle”等。等。标题标题主要的主要的讨论讨论第36页/共84页技巧技巧注意首段和各段第一句话注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体将其含义连接成一个整体小心小心“首段陷阱首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案不要一看开头就选择答案第37页/共84页常见提问：常见提问：1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?2
26、.Whatistheauthorsmainpoint?3.Whatisthesubjectofthispassage?4.Themainpurposeofthepassage?5.Thetitleofthispassagewouldbe_.第38页/共84页6.The best title of this passage could(would)be _.7.What can be the best title for the text?8.The topic sentence of the passage is _.9.The writer in the text mainly tells
27、us _.10.The passage is mainly aimed to _.第39页/共84页11.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _.12.What is the passage mainly about?13.Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?描述描述短文短文大意大意第40页/共84页实例实例 Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplainaweathermapexactly.Weathercond
28、itionisahugeamountofinformationaboutconditionatatimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyshowinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherOfficegivesoutinformationaboutcomingstorms,floods,freeze,dryness,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitgivesouta30-day
29、“out-look”whichisabasicguidetoweatherconditionslikelytohappenallovertheUnitedStates.第41页/共84页Question：Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Weathermapsareveryimportanttostudentsofgeography.B.Weathermapscanhavea30-day“outlook”.C.Studentsofgeographyshouldbeabletomakeweathermapsexactly.D.Thosewhomajoringeog
30、raphyshouldhavetheabilitytohaveagoodunderstandingofaweathermap.第42页/共84页关键关键-主题句主题句主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用第43页/共84页实例实例JoshuaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityof
31、Parisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchoolandlater,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami,Florida.从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔落
32、的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：告诉读者的是：JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。主旨大意。第44页/共84页（四）态度观点题及解题技巧（四）态度观点题及解题技巧理解作者的意图理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。观点或态度的能力。标志词标志词:
33、attitude,purpose等。等。态度目的第45页/共84页技巧技巧态度词态度词:Opposition反对，反对，suspicion怀疑的，怀疑的，Approval支持，支持，Optimistic乐观的，乐观的，subjective主观的，主观的，objective客观的，客观的，pessimistic悲观的，悲观的，biased有偏见的，有偏见的，impartial公正的，公正的，sensitive敏感的，敏感的，indifference冷漠冷漠(一般不选一般不选)。不要搀杂自己的观点不要搀杂自己的观点寻找文中具有感情色彩的词寻找文中具有感情色彩的词抓论述的主线及举例的方式抓论述的主线
34、及举例的方式第46页/共84页49.What do you think of the taxi driver?_A.He was not an honest person.B.He liked to work very hard.C.He was good at driving D.He was a kind and clever man选选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteendollars?DoyouthinkImafool
35、?Onlylastweek,ItookataxifromtherailstationtothesamehotelandIonlygivethedriverthirteendollars.”从从Whenthetaxidriverheardthat,hedidntfeelhappyanymore及及Butsuddenly,hehadanidea.Hetookthepassengerthroughmanystreetsofthecity可知司机可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？第47页/共84页（五）指代题及解题技巧（五）指代题及解题技巧整体理解文章的能力，整体理解文章
36、的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。第48页/共84页技巧技巧返回原文，找出题的指代词返回原文，找出题的指代词找最近的名词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子名词性词组或句子将找到的替换该指代词将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺看意思是否通顺找出最佳答案找出最佳答案第49页/共84页If you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space.Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the w
37、orld.All day long,you share public spaces with o ther pople.You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and“outside”.Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about.And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they
38、will enjoy being inside even more!This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler!But if you understand it then it helps you.Havent you enjoyed being part of a group and“owning”a bit of space?3.In Paragraph 4,the pronoun“themrefers to（所指）“_”.A.public spacesB.private spacesC.local people 第50页/共84
39、页典型例题分析根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.Now,wecanonlyseethesmoke.ThefireMrBrownsawisnottheunderground-fire.Infact,th
40、ereare260coal（煤）firesintheworld.Theyareharmful（有害）anddangerous.Thenhowtoputthemout?Scientistshavetriedtoset（放置）firetoundergroundcoaltospeedup（加速）thefires.Inthisway,theburning（燃烧）ofundergroundcoalwouldbesoonfinished.（被烧完）。第51页/共84页1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsold
41、C.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsago2.MrBrownsaidthatwehadtotakeafastlookatthefirebecause_.A.itwasintheholeB.itwasveryhotC.itwasorangeD.itwasharmful3.Howmanycoalfiresarethereintheworld?A.Theresonlyone.B.Itshardtosay.C.Thereare260.D.Thearticle（文章）doesnttellus.A ABC第52页/共84页4.Whatsoneofthebestway
42、stoputout（扑灭）theundergroundfire?A.Tocover（覆盖）theholeswithstones（石块）.B.Tospeedupthefires.C.Toseethefiresburning.D.Todosomeexperiments（试验）.5.Whatisthebesttitle（标题）forthearticle?A.WatchingtheUnderground-Fire.B.AWaytoPutOuttheCoalFires.C.TheBurningEarth.D.CoalandCoalFires.BB第53页/共84页分析1.在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到
43、依据。attheageofseven等于whenhewasseven，故正确答案为A。2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为B。3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为C。4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为B。5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从MrBrown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为B。第54页/共84页第55页/共84页一、根据文章内容判断正误Fredtelephoned
44、hiswife.“Ivegottwofreeticketsforthetheatretonight,”hetoldher.“Meetmeoutsidetheoffice.Wellhavesomethingtoeatandthengoontothetheatre.”Fredswifewasverypleased.Theyhadntbeentothetheatreforalongtime.Shemetherhusbandashetoldher.Theyhaddinnerandgottothetheatrejustintime.AttheentranceFredtookouthiswallettog
45、etthetickets.“Itsverystrange,”hesaid.“Theyarenthere!”“Tryyourpockets,”saidhiswife.Buttheticketswerentthere,either.ThenFredlookedveryembarrassed(尴尬).“Whatsthematter?”askedhiswife.“Well,”Fredsaid,“IrememberwhatI didwithmytickets.Iputtheminmybag.ButbecauseIwasntgoinghome,Ileftitintheoffice!”第56页/共84页()
46、1.Oneday,Fredwasgiventheticketsforthetheatre.()2.Fredandhiswifewenttothetheatrequiteoften.()3.Fredwantedtomeethiswifeinarestaurant.()4.Theyreachedthetheatreneitherlatenorearly.()5.ThenFredcouldntfindhisticketsandrememberedwhathehaddonewiththetickets.1 1、T T 因为第一段中提到因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife Fred to
47、ld his wife “Ive got two free tickets “Ive got two free tickets”“free”“free”此处是免费的意思。此处是免费的意思。2 2、F F 第二段中提到第二段中提到“They hadnt been to the theaterThey hadnt been to the theater for a long time.”for a long time.”3 3、F F 第一段中第一段中FredFred说说“Meet me outside the office.”Meet me outside the office.”4 4、T T
48、 第二段中第二段中“in time”in time”是及时的意思。是及时的意思。5T 5T 结尾处提到的。结尾处提到的。第57页/共84页DavidMcConnellsoldbooksfromdoortodoor.Housewives(家庭主妇)werenotinterestedinthebooks.Usuallybeforehehadenoughtimetosayanythingabouthisbooks,thewomenclosedtheirdoors.Buthedidntgiveup.McConnelldecidedtobringeachofthemapresent,asmallbott
49、leofperfume(香水)madebyhimself.Hesoonfoundthatthewomenlikedtheperfumebetterthanthebooks.Hestoppedsellingbookstosellperfumeinsteadandstartedhisowncompany“Avon”,whichisagreatsuccess.Whenyoudonothing,youlearnnothing.Butwhenyoutry,eventhoughyouarenotsuccessful,youwilllearnwhatdoesntworkandthatputsyouclose
50、rtowhatwillwork.Itdoesntmatterhowmanytimesyouarenotsuccessful.Itdoesmatterthatyouwillbesuccessfuloneday.第58页/共84页Edisonwasnotonthewaytosuccessuntilpeopleboughthisfirstinvention.SuccessonceisenoughforEdison.Andthesameforyousuccessonceisenough.()1.McConnellwassuccessfulasabook-seller.()2.McConnellhope