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1、Grasp the Characteristics Foster English Learning A Contrastive Study of the English LanguageThe most striking featureInflectional versus noninflectional有形态变化有形态变化vs.无形态变化无形态变化1 The most striking feature of English,compared to Chinese,is its inflection nature.Most English words have to put on some k
2、ind of inflectional changes before they are used in communication.Inflectional changes exist in most English word classes，and most commonly in English verbs.n n说英语说英语 speak English speak English n n他说英语。他说英语。He _ English.He _ English.n n他们说英语。他们说英语。They _ EnglishThey _ Englishn n他十年前说英语。他十年前说英语。He _
3、 English ten years ago.He _ English ten years ago.n n我们要学会说英语。我们要学会说英语。We must learn _ English.We must learn _ English.n n我们要练习说英语。我们要练习说英语。We must practice _ English.We must practice _ English.speaksspeaksspeakspeakspokespoketo speakto speakspeakingspeaking汉语动词没有形态变化，所以行文无须考虑时态和汉语动词没有形态变化，所以行文无须考虑时
4、态和汉语动词没有形态变化，所以行文无须考虑时态和汉语动词没有形态变化，所以行文无须考虑时态和形式问题。可是，在英语写作或翻译过程中，我们形式问题。可是，在英语写作或翻译过程中，我们形式问题。可是，在英语写作或翻译过程中，我们形式问题。可是，在英语写作或翻译过程中，我们却不得不根据具体情况考虑采用什么形式。例如：却不得不根据具体情况考虑采用什么形式。例如：却不得不根据具体情况考虑采用什么形式。例如：却不得不根据具体情况考虑采用什么形式。例如：广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎
5、而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。Li Li GuangGuang was out was out （hunthunt）one time one time when he when he (see)asee)a rock in the grass which he rock in the grass which he _(mistake)for a tiger.He _(mistake)for a tiger.He _(shoot)(shoot)an
6、 arrow at the rock andan arrow at the rock and hit it with such force it with such force that the tip of the arrow _(go)into the that the tip of the arrow _(go)into the rock.Later,when he _ (discover)that rock.Later,when he _ (discover)that it was a rock,he _(try,shoot)at it it was a rock,he _(try,s
7、hoot)at it again,but he was unable _(pierce)it a again,but he was unable _(pierce)it a second time.second time.huntinghuntingsawsawmistookmistookshotshotwentwentdiscovereddiscoveredtried shootingtried shootingto pierceto pierce课后练习纠错课后练习纠错n n他为了他为了做做做做沙发而沙发而拆拆拆拆掉了两把旧椅子。掉了两把旧椅子。(p42)(p42)He He two ch
8、airs apart in order to make a sofa.two chairs apart in order to make a sofa.n n许多运动员虽然许多运动员虽然没有没有没有没有为自己为自己赢得赢得赢得赢得奥运奖牌的荣誉，奥运奖牌的荣誉，却以运动家的精神却以运动家的精神帮助帮助帮助帮助别人别人实现实现实现实现了这个梦想。了这个梦想。(p49)(p49)Many athletesMany athletes the glory of Olympic the glory of Olympic medals for themselves,but they othersmedal
9、s for themselves,but they others their dreams with the spirit of their dreams with the spirit of sportsmanship.sportsmanship.tooktooktaketakedidnt windidnt windont windont winhelpedhelpedhelphelpachieveachieveachievedachievedInflectional changes of English nounsn n他是专家。他是专家。He is an He is an experte
10、xpert.n n他们都是专家。他们都是专家。They are all They are all expertsexperts.n n我喜欢吃苹果。我喜欢吃苹果。I like to eat I like to eat applesapples.n n苹果很好吃。苹果很好吃。ApplesApples are delicious.are delicious.英语对名词有严格的区分，名词进入句子必须以一定的形式单数、复数或不可数形式出现，如：名词的单复数问题有时候较好判断，名词的单复数问题有时候较好判断，如如现代诗人徐志摩的现代诗人徐志摩的再别康桥再别康桥我轻轻的招手，我轻轻的招手，I quietl
11、y wave,I quietly wave,作别西天的作别西天的云彩云彩云彩云彩。Saying goodbye to the brightSaying goodbye to the bright cloud cloud of the western sky.of the western sky.我挥一挥我挥一挥衣袖衣袖衣袖衣袖，My My sleeve sleeve are waving,are waving,不带走一片不带走一片云彩云彩云彩云彩。Not taking away a singleNot taking away a single cloudcloud.s ss s有时候较难判断，
12、有时候较难判断，如如唐朝诗人元稹唐朝诗人元稹行宫行宫白头白头宫女宫女宫女宫女在，在，闲坐说玄宗。闲坐说玄宗。Some white-haired palace Some white-haired palace chambermaidschambermaids are chatting,are chatting,Chatting about the dead and gone Chatting about the dead and gone XuanzongXuanzong.有时候则很难断定，有时候则很难断定，如如晚唐诗人杜牧的晚唐诗人杜牧的秋夕秋夕银烛银烛银烛银烛秋光冷秋光冷画屏画屏画屏画屏，轻
13、罗，轻罗小扇小扇小扇小扇扑扑流萤流萤流萤流萤。天街夜色凉如水，卧看牵牛织女天街夜色凉如水，卧看牵牛织女星星星星。诗中诗中“银烛银烛”、“画屏画屏”、“小扇小扇”及及“流萤流萤”的数的数量是一，还是多？这个问题见仁见智，很难有定论。我们量是一，还是多？这个问题见仁见智，很难有定论。我们汉语使用者也似乎从不考虑这个问题。但翻译成英语时则汉语使用者也似乎从不考虑这个问题。但翻译成英语时则必须先断定这些词的数量以采用相应的形式，而后翻译才必须先断定这些词的数量以采用相应的形式，而后翻译才能进行。能进行。下面是这首诗的两种英译，两位译者对上述名词的数下面是这首诗的两种英译，两位译者对上述名词的数量作了不
14、同的判定，使用了不同的单复数形式。量作了不同的判定，使用了不同的单复数形式。当代著名翻译家许渊冲英译当代著名翻译家许渊冲英译The painted The painted screenscreen is chilled in silver candlelight,is chilled in silver candlelight,She uses silken She uses silken fanfan to catch passing to catch passing firefliesfireflies.The steps seem steeped in water when cold g
15、rows the night,The steps seem steeped in water when cold grows the night,She lies watching heart-broken She lies watching heart-broken starsstars in the skies.in the skies.当代英语界知名学者林文杰英译当代英语界知名学者林文杰英译当代英语界知名学者林文杰英译当代英语界知名学者林文杰英译Silver Silver candlescandles cold painting cold painting screensscreens
16、and autumn and autumn lightslightsSoft dress,small Soft dress,small fansfans as young girls try to catch as young girls try to catch firefliesfirefliesNight Night colorscolors of sky terrace are chilly as glass of sky terrace are chilly as glassLying on our backs as we watch heart-broken Lying on ou
17、r backs as we watch heart-broken starsstars课后练习纠错课后练习纠错n n志愿者志愿者志愿者志愿者将帮助人们找到前往体操馆和体育场将帮助人们找到前往体操馆和体育场的正确的路。的正确的路。（p49p49）will help people to find the right will help people to find the right way to the way to the gymnasiumsgymnasiums and and stadiumsstadiums.n n他为了做沙发而拆掉了两把旧他为了做沙发而拆掉了两把旧椅子椅子椅子椅子。(p
18、42)(p42)He He took two took two chairschairs apart in order to make apart in order to make sofasofa.以上两句中汉语的以上两句中汉语的“志愿者志愿者”和和“沙发沙发”在英语中分别用复数形式和单数形式。在英语中分别用复数形式和单数形式。VolunteersVolunteersVolunteerVolunteera aInflectional changes in other classes of wordsn nAdjectives Adjectives 他很高。他很高。He is He is ta
19、lltall.他比我高。他比我高。He is He is tallertaller than me.than me.n nPronounsPronouns 我喜欢他。我喜欢他。I I like him.like him.他喜欢我。他喜欢我。He likes He likes meme.他喜欢我弟弟。他喜欢我弟弟。He likes He likes mymy brother.brother.n nNumeralsNumerals 三三 three three 第三第三 thirdthird 十三十三 thirteen thirteen 第十三第十三 thirteenththirteenth 三十
20、三十 thirty thirty 第三十第三十 thirtieththirtiethn narticlesarticles 一个桃子一个桃子 a peacha peach 一个苹果一个苹果 an applean apple 总之，绝大多数英语单词都具有多总之，绝大多数英语单词都具有多种不同形式，表达各种各样的词汇和语法种不同形式，表达各种各样的词汇和语法意义。我们在使用英语的时候，一定要根意义。我们在使用英语的时候，一定要根据具体情况，据具体情况，给英语单词穿上相应的形式给英语单词穿上相应的形式外衣外衣来表达相应的意义。来表达相应的意义。Another important feature2Tr
21、ee-like versus bamboo-like structure树式结构树式结构vs.竹式结构竹式结构 Li Li GuangGuang was out hunting one time was out hunting one time when he saw a rock in the grass when he saw a rock in the grass which he which he mistook for a tigermistook for a tiger.He shot an arrow at the rock and hit it He shot an arrow
22、 at the rock and hit it with such force with such force that the tip of the arrow went that the tip of the arrow went into the rock.into the rock.Later,Later,when he discovered when he discovered that it was a that it was a rockrock,he tried shooting at it again,but he was,he tried shooting at it ag
23、ain,but he was unable to pierce it a second time.unable to pierce it a second time.广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。Li Li GuangGuang was out hunting one time was out
24、 hunting one time when he saw when he saw a rock in the grass a rock in the grass which he mistook for a tigerwhich he mistook for a tigerHe shot an arrow at the rock and hit it He shot an arrow at the rock and hit it with such force with such force that the tip of the arrow that the tip of the arro
25、w went into the rock.went into the rock.Later,Later,when he discovered when he discovered that it was a that it was a rockrock,he tried shooting at it again,but he,he tried shooting at it again,but he was unable to pierce it a second timewas unable to pierce it a second time 英语句子的英语句子的英语句子的英语句子的“树式树
26、式树式树式”结构实际上就是按照子句间的逻结构实际上就是按照子句间的逻结构实际上就是按照子句间的逻结构实际上就是按照子句间的逻辑关系用形式的手段将各子句连接起来而形成的。因此，辑关系用形式的手段将各子句连接起来而形成的。因此，辑关系用形式的手段将各子句连接起来而形成的。因此，辑关系用形式的手段将各子句连接起来而形成的。因此，我们可以认为我们可以认为我们可以认为我们可以认为英语这种英语这种英语这种英语这种“树式树式树式树式”结构是英语民族善逻辑思结构是英语民族善逻辑思结构是英语民族善逻辑思结构是英语民族善逻辑思维的结果维的结果维的结果维的结果。与此相对，。与此相对，。与此相对，。与此相对，“竹式竹
27、式竹式竹式”结构的汉语句子内部各子结构的汉语句子内部各子结构的汉语句子内部各子结构的汉语句子内部各子句之间往往没有形式上的连接手段，它们意义上的联接往句之间往往没有形式上的连接手段，它们意义上的联接往句之间往往没有形式上的连接手段，它们意义上的联接往句之间往往没有形式上的连接手段，它们意义上的联接往往需要读者根据上下文去寻找线索而完成。汉语中诸如往需要读者根据上下文去寻找线索而完成。汉语中诸如往需要读者根据上下文去寻找线索而完成。汉语中诸如往需要读者根据上下文去寻找线索而完成。汉语中诸如“古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家”
28、、“鸡声茅店月，人迹板鸡声茅店月，人迹板鸡声茅店月，人迹板鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜桥霜桥霜桥霜”之类的句子都只是单列几个名词，描述一定的场景，之类的句子都只是单列几个名词，描述一定的场景，之类的句子都只是单列几个名词，描述一定的场景，之类的句子都只是单列几个名词，描述一定的场景，让人从它们的相互关系中体会特定的意境，让人从它们的相互关系中体会特定的意境，让人从它们的相互关系中体会特定的意境，让人从它们的相互关系中体会特定的意境，这也是典型的这也是典型的这也是典型的这也是典型的“竹式竹式竹式竹式”结构。这种结构模式与我国国画的结构。这种结构模式与我国国画的结构。这种结构模式与我国国画的结构。这种结
29、构模式与我国国画的“写意写意写意写意”表现表现表现表现手法，散文的手法，散文的手法，散文的手法，散文的“形散神不散形散神不散形散神不散形散神不散”风格特点以及与汉字中会意风格特点以及与汉字中会意风格特点以及与汉字中会意风格特点以及与汉字中会意字的字的字的字的“意合意合意合意合”表意方式有着惊人的相似。事实上，这些是表意方式有着惊人的相似。事实上，这些是表意方式有着惊人的相似。事实上，这些是表意方式有着惊人的相似。事实上，这些是汉民族形象思维分别在语言，艺术，文学和古人造字艺术汉民族形象思维分别在语言，艺术，文学和古人造字艺术汉民族形象思维分别在语言，艺术，文学和古人造字艺术汉民族形象思维分别在
30、语言，艺术，文学和古人造字艺术上的具体体现。上的具体体现。上的具体体现。上的具体体现。The third significant characteristic3head-first versus attributive-first正偏式正偏式vs.偏正式偏正式汉语总是将定语置于中心词前面，构成汉语总是将定语置于中心词前面，构成汉语总是将定语置于中心词前面，构成汉语总是将定语置于中心词前面，构成“定定定定中中中中”结构；英语则将定语置于中心词的后结构；英语则将定语置于中心词的后结构；英语则将定语置于中心词的后结构；英语则将定语置于中心词的后面，形成面，形成面，形成面，形成“中定中定中定中定”结构
31、结构结构结构 ，例如：，例如：，例如：，例如：n n桌子上的桌子上的书书书书 booksbooks on the deskon the deskn n山脚下的山脚下的小屋小屋小屋小屋 a cabina cabin at the foot of the mountain at the foot of the mountainn n坐在教室后面的坐在教室后面的同学同学同学同学 studentsstudents sitting at the back of the classroom sitting at the back of the classroomn n地震中幸免于难的地震中幸免于难的人们人
32、们人们人们 people people who survived in the earthquake who survived in the earthquake同样，汉语状语大都位于其所修饰的中心词前同样，汉语状语大都位于其所修饰的中心词前同样，汉语状语大都位于其所修饰的中心词前同样，汉语状语大都位于其所修饰的中心词前面，构成面，构成面，构成面，构成“状中状中状中状中”结构；英语则往往将其置结构；英语则往往将其置结构；英语则往往将其置结构；英语则往往将其置于中心词的后面，形成于中心词的后面，形成于中心词的后面，形成于中心词的后面，形成“中状中状中状中状”结构。例如：结构。例如：结构。例如：结
33、构。例如：n n大声大声朗读朗读朗读朗读 read read loudly loudlyn n非常非常喜欢英语喜欢英语喜欢英语喜欢英语 love English love English very much very much n n匆忙匆忙来到学校来到学校来到学校来到学校 come to school come to school in a hurry in a hurryn n为美好的未来为美好的未来努力学习努力学习努力学习努力学习 work hardwork hard for a better future for a better future n2009年年12月月28日日 the
34、28th of December in 2009n湖北省鄂南高中高一（湖北省鄂南高中高一（12）班）班黄铮黄铮 Huang Zheng，Class 12,Grade one,Enan High School,Hubei,China汉英语语序上的这种区别，在时间和地点的表达上对比更加鲜明，如：广出猎，见广出猎，见广出猎，见广出猎，见草中石草中石草中石草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因视之，石也，因视之，石也，因视之，石也，因复更射之复更射之复更射之复更射之，终不能，终不能，终不能，终不能复入石复入石复入石
35、复入石矣。矣。矣。矣。Li Li GuangGuang was out hunting one time was out hunting one time when he saw when he saw which which he mistook for a tiger.He shot an arrow at he mistook for a tiger.He shot an arrow at the rock and hit it with such force that the the rock and hit it with such force that the tip of the
36、 arrow went into the rock.Later,tip of the arrow went into the rock.Later,when he discovered that it was a rock,he when he discovered that it was a rock,he tried ,but he was tried ,but he was unable to .unable to .a rock in the grassa rock in the grassshooting at it againshooting at it againpierce i
37、t a second timepierce it a second time课后翻译练习课后翻译练习n n他他为了做沙发为了做沙发而拆掉了两把旧椅子。而拆掉了两把旧椅子。He took two chairs apart He took two chairs apart in orderin order to make a sofato make a sofa.n n许多运动员虽然没有许多运动员虽然没有为自己为自己赢得奥运奖牌的荣誉，却赢得奥运奖牌的荣誉，却以运动家的精神以运动家的精神帮助别人实现了这个梦想。帮助别人实现了这个梦想。Many athletes didnt win the glor
38、y of Olympic medals Many athletes didnt win the glory of Olympic medals for for themselves,themselves,but they helped others achieve their dreams but they helped others achieve their dreams with the with the spirit of sportsmanship.spirit of sportsmanship.n n志愿者将帮助人们找到志愿者将帮助人们找到前往体操馆和体育场的前往体操馆和体育场的正
39、确的路。正确的路。Volunteers will help people to find the right way Volunteers will help people to find the right way to the gymnasiums to the gymnasiums and stadiums.and stadiums.n n只有只有在希腊出生的在希腊出生的人才能成为人才能成为古代奥运会的古代奥运会的参赛者。参赛者。Only those Only those who were born in Greecewho were born in Greece could be ad
40、mitted as could be admitted as competitors competitors in the ancient Olympics.in the ancient Olympics.可以看出，汉语语序是从整体到部可以看出，汉语语序是从整体到部分最后到个体，而英语正好相反。汉语分最后到个体，而英语正好相反。汉语这种从整体到个体的语序实际上是这种从整体到个体的语序实际上是汉民汉民族整体性思维和集体主义精神族整体性思维和集体主义精神的集中体的集中体现；而英语从个体到整体的语序反映的现；而英语从个体到整体的语序反映的恰好是恰好是英语民族的个人主义思想和重视英语民族的个人主义思想和重视个性、追求创新的精神个性、追求创新的精神。Thank you very much for your time!And your suggestions would be very much appreciated!