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1、12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being the only football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed give me his girl
2、 in exchange for my jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯 是校足球队员中唯一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女 友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty, well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She
3、 had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任 名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务
4、所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、 谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her well-spoken.、光彩照人”,她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的、智慧之珠,让她变得谈吐优雅”。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had i
5、n mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about? she asked.在起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵占老的大橡树下。我的想法 有些怪异。而
6、这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里,我调 低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。我们要谈些什么?”她问道。Logic.、逻辑学。”Cool, she said over her gum.好酷啊,“她边嚼着口香糖边说。The doctrine of logic, I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First lets look at the fallacy Dicto Simplici
7、ter.、逻辑学的原理,我说道,即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。 我们先来看看种叫做绝对判断的逻辑谬误。Great/* she agreed.、好啊,她表示同意。Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.、绝对判断是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。She nodded in agreement.她点头表示赞同。I
8、 could see she was stumped. Polly/ I explained, its too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.我看得出她没弄明白。”波莉,我解释说,这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么 的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。
9、”Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You cant speak French. Rob cant speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.、接下来是、草率结论。这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这 所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。Really? said Polly, amazed. Nobody?、是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。”没有人吗? This is also
10、a fallacy, I said. The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion.”这也是种逻辑谬误,我说,“这结论太草率了,因为能够支持这结论的例证太少了。She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.她似乎学得很开心,而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推
11、进中。我把她送回家,并且定下了下一次约 会交谈的日子。Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.第二天晚上,坐在那棵橡树下,我说: 、今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫、文不对题。She nodded with delight.她高兴地点了点头。Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are
12、, he says he has six children to feed.、听好了,我说,“有个人去申请工作,当老板问他有什么应聘资格时,他说他有六个孩子要抚养。Oh, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.、哇,这太可怕了,太可怕了,“她哽咽着轻声说到。Yes, its awful, I agreed, but its no argument. The man never answered the bosss question. Instead he appealed to the bosss sympathy - Ad
13、 Misericordiam.对,是挺可怕的,我表示赞同地说,但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题,而只是在博取老 板的同情,这就是文不对题She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears. 她眨着眼睛,仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have
14、 X-rays to guide them during surgery.接下来”,我小心地说,我们来讨论错误类比。举个例子:学生考试时应该允许看课本,因为外科医生 在做手术时可以看X光片。”I like that idea, she said.我喜欢这个主意,“她说。Polly, I groaned, dont derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors arent taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations
15、 are altogether different. You cant make an analogy between them.波莉,我抱怨道,别打岔,这推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检査他们学到了多少,而学生 却是。他们的情况完全不同,你不能将他们作类比。I still think its a good idea, said Polly.我仍然认为这是个好主意,波莉说。With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at
16、last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力,我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家,她总算能够分析思考了。现在应该 是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we wont discuss fallacies.波莉,当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说,今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。Oh? she said, a little disap
17、pointed.哦?她回答说,有一点失望。Favoring her with a grin, I said, We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.我赞许地对她笑了笑,说: 、我们在起已经度过了五个晚上,相互之间挺合得来,我们是蛮相配的对。Hasty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as a normal person might say, thats a little premature,
18、dont you think?、草率结论,波莉伶俐地说,”或者是按一般人的说法,这个结论有些不成熟,你不这样认为吗? I laughed with amusement. Shed learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.我被逗得笑了起来,
19、她功课还真学得不错,大大超过了我的预期。、亲爱的,“我开口说,同时宽容地拍了 拍她的手,”五次约会已经够多了,毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕知道它是不是好吃。False Analogy, said Polly promptly.Your premise is that dating is like eating. But youre not a cake. Youre a boy.、错误类比,波莉立即回应。”你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕,你是个男孩。I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that shed lear
20、ned her lessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑,不过不觉得那么有趣了,同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽冋 了。我决定改变策略,转而尝试奉承她的办法。Polly, I love you. Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you.、波莉,我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友,没有你我什么也不是。Ad Miseric
21、ordiam, she said.、文不对题,她说。You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting to crumble.But dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life.、你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时辨别它们了,我说,心里的希望已经开始动摇。、不过不要对它
22、们太死 板,我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道,学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。Dicto Simpliciter, she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach.、绝对判断,她说道,而且,你自己教的东西应该自己身体行。I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?我下跳了起来,怒火中烧,”你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友? No to your proposition, she replied.
23、”我不愿意,她答道。Why? I demanded.、为什么? 我追问道.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.、我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣罗伯和我重归于好了。”With great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.L
24、ook at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?我极地保持着平静,说道:“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯?看看我,一个聪明过人的学生,个不同凡响 的学者,个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯,个肌肉发达的蠢材,个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能 给我个充足的理由,为什么要选择跟他? Wow, what presumption! ril put it in a way someone
25、as brilliant as you can understand,retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm.Full disclosure -I like Rob in leather.I told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket!、喔,这是什么假设啊!为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白,我这么说吧,“波莉反驳道,声音里充满了讽 刺,、事情的真相是我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的,这样他就能拥有你的夹克!”Unit 2The confusing pursuit
26、of beauty 令人困惑的对美的追求If youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士,肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, thi
27、s is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.对于如何应对这个问题,你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给个诚实但又谨慎的回答,然后借口有急事马 上脱身。相信我,这是最简单的方法。对于她的这问题,无论你事先练习多少次,都不会找到正确答案。The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselve
28、s in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是,男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了,而且 终生不变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力,即使随着年龄的增长,他们头
29、发掉光了,脸上布满皱纹, 他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesnt bother them; average is fine. They dont affix much value to their looks, or think o
30、f them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair a
31、nd isnt bleeding too badly, he feels hes done all he can.我相信,大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话,他们愿意认为 自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼,因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外 貌,也不会从美学的角度去审视自己。他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子,就像打理自家草坪一样。对于 一位男性来说,如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子,结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净,又没有出血太厉害, 他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。Women do not look at themselves this way.
32、 If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagin
33、es them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话,那肯定是:“还不 够好。”一位女士,无论她看起来多么吸引人,她对自己的看法总是由于受美容业的影响而蒙着层阴影。 要她认为、我很漂亮是件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大,并且幻想这些缺点十分明显, 以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity i
34、snt inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a
35、large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the dolls waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their action figures. Most of the to
36、ys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this out
37、fit?为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢?这种长期的不安全感并不是与生倶来的,而是由许多复杂的心 理和社会因素的相互作用造成的,从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋 娃娃,如果按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话,就会是7英尺高,6I英磅重,大腿纤细,上身丰满。要 达到这样的标准是很荒唐的,尤其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸,就知道其相对尺寸对任何个活 人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准相比,小男孩们得到的、动作玩偶却是完全不同的模 样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪,例如那个叫作蜜蜂侠的玩偶,一半像人,一半像会飞的昆虫。这个 玩偶尽管样子不好看,但仍然非常自
38、信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人说: 这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套 配不配呢?But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare
39、on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to stimulate and restore their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all the
40、se middle-aged women apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rat
41、ional observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawfords face or complexion.然而,女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样,这对大多数女性来说是 不可能的。尽管如此,产值达几十亿美元的美容业,在超市化妆品销售专区的配合下,总是在不停地攻击 着女性的自尊,使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉,以及各种美容器具,才能、激发和恢复 肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期奥普拉脱口秀,在节目中,超级名
42、模辛迪克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了 自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这些中年妇女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皱产品:她还强调一定要遵守这些 方法,例如:往脸上涂抹这些产品时,要用指尖,这样可以保护皮肤的弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地 按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何个理智的旁观者来说,无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品,她们都不可 能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。Im not saying that men are superior. Im just saying that youre not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics
43、to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men dont face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and theyre encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about
44、 lawn care, pretty boy?我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己 脸上,期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同,男性的外貌美不是社会所关注的唯一焦点。人们会鼓 励男性借助其他特征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说: 、是吗?那么帅哥,你对草坪维护又知道多少?”Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think b
45、eauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, She had gorgeous fingernails! To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one womans
46、 flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as anothers bare nails.当然,女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压的种反应。而事实是,大多数男性 认为美丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水,而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来,我在听男性谈 论女性时,从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说: 、她的指甲真漂亮啊!”对大多数男性来说,像指甲这样 小的东西看起来都一样,无论个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕,还是光光的毫无修饰,男性 都概视而不见。By participating in this system of ex
47、treme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who dont notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?女性参与这种极端的从众行为,实际上是把自己置于其他
48、女性的审视之下,因为只有那些女性有资格评 价她们所付出的努力。但是,如此费地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意,同时又只是招致其他女性的 指责,这样做究竟有什么好处呢?Anyway, to get back to my original point: If youre a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you cant say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also cant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nic