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1、 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinDr.Hao Shengquan郝盛泉上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院Introduction to Accounting The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwinl教材教材 Fundamental Accounting Principles(18 edition),John Wild,Kermit Larson and Barbara Chiappetta,McGraw Hill l会计学原理（第18版），约翰.J.怀尔德,克
2、米特.D.拉森,巴巴拉.基亚佩塔 著,崔学刚,饶菁 改编,中国人民大学出版社lISBN:978-7-300-07904-2/F.2696l主要教学参考主要教学参考书 Financial&Managerial Accounting The Basis for Business Decisions(14th Edition)Williams,Haka,Bettner&Carcello McGraw Hill（ISBN:978-0-072-99650-0）l 会计学-企业决策的基础（财务会计分册），第14版，机械工业出版社，2008年l中文版:会计学-企业决策的基础(财务会计分册)第13版 冯正权等
3、译，机械工业出版社 2006年l有关有关财经网站：网站：;课程要求-教材与辅助资料 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwinv作业：课后做习题。每章会布置三到四个作业：课后做习题。每章会布置三到四个作业题，必须按时完成。作业题，必须按时完成。v期末考试：闭卷期末考试：闭卷v小组项目：公司财务分析，案例讨论，以小组项目：公司财务分析，案例讨论，以小组为单位完成小组为单位完成课程要求 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinlClass Participation (5%
4、)lHomework Assignments(20%)lFinal Exam(60%)lGroup Project(15%)课程要求评价体系 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin答疑安排答疑安排lE-mail:The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinFundamental Accounting Fundamental Accounting PrinciplesPrinciplesWild/Larson/ChiappettaWild/Larson/Chiappett
5、a 18th Edition 18th Edition The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinChapter 1Accounting in Business The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinMisconception-Accounting is Bookkeeping?Bookkeeping is the clerical side of accountingthe recording of routine transactions and day-to-d
6、ay record keeping.Professional accountants are involved more with the interpretation and use of accounting information than with its actual preparation.The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinIm Not An Accounting MajorAccounting is the language of business,and trying to run a business wi
7、thout understanding accounting information is analogous to trying to play sports without understanding the rules.The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinAccounting Information and Stock PricelBest Buy Co.InclFiscal Quarter(Feb,11 May,10,2010)lQuarterly Earnings Announcement:June 15,2010
8、lConsensus EPS:$0.50 lReported EPS:$0.36lSurprise(-28%)The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinAccounting Information and Stock Price The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinWhy Accounting?lHong Kong Stock Exchange(0388)The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinWhy
9、Accounting?lHong Kong Stock Exchange(0388)l2007.12,share price HK$270,Put Option,right decision?l2008.8.27 share price HK$102,Call Option,right decision?lIntrinsic value of stock!lneed information to make decisionlAccounting provide the information!The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwi
10、nInformation EconomicslInformation Asymmetry信息不对称lMoral Hazard Problem道德风险 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinContentlConceptslTransaction Analysis ExerciselRatio:ROA The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinObjectiveslConceptual Chapter ObjectiveslAnalytical Chapter Obje
11、ctiveslProcedural Chapter Objectives The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinAccountingInformationThe Accounting ProcessDecision MakersEconomic ActivitiesActions(decisions)Accounting links decision makers with economic activities and with the results of their decisions.Reported Results o
12、f Actions(decisions)The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin企业活动概述企业活动概述企业1.所有者投资2.所有者撤资8.支付现金7.销售商品或提供服务3.贷款4.归还贷款6.支付工资、产品与服务款项5.提供商品或服务所有者所有者雇员和供应商雇员和供应商顾顾客客债债权权人人 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin目标和战略投资融资经营短期项目 现金 应收账款 存货长期项目 土地 建筑物 设备 专利 股票和债券短期项目 银行 供应商 员工 政府长期项
13、目 长期债权人 股东采购 销售生产 管理企业活动概述 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinImportance of Accounting:Language of BusinessIdentifiesRecordsCommunicatesRelevantReliableComparableAccountingis asystem thatinformation that isto help users make better decisions.C1 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McG
14、raw-Hill/Irwin Identifying Business Activities Recording Business Activities Communicating Business ActivitiesAccounting ActivitiesC 1 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinUsers of Accounting InformationExternal UsersLendersShareholdersGovernmentsConsumer GroupsExternal AuditorsCustom
15、ersInternal UsersManagersOfficers/DirectorsInternal AuditorsSales StaffBudget OfficersControllersC 2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinUsers of Accounting InformationExternal UsersFinancial accounting provides external users with financial statements.Internal UsersManagerial accoun
16、ting provides information needs for internal decision makers.C 2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinExternal UsersThe primary external users of financial information are investors and creditors.The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin信息对反映经济资源、对资源的要求权以及资源和要求权的变化有用信息对估计未来
17、现金流的时间、数量及不确定性有用信息对投资与信贷决策有用(Specific)(General)Objectives of External Financial Reporting The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinObjectives of External Financial ReportingThe primary financial statements.（对外外报告告财务信息是以信息是以披露基本披露基本财务报表的形表的形式来式来实现）Income Statement(利润表利润表)Balance Sheet(资产负债
18、表资产负债表)Statement of Cash Flows（现金流量表）（现金流量表）The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinFinancial ReportingFinancial ReportingFinancial StatementsFinancial Statements:A Lens to View Business The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinInternal UserslBoard of Directors(董事会董事会)lChief E
19、xecutive Officer lChief Financial OfficerlVice PresidentslBusiness Unit ManagerslPlant ManagerslStore ManagerslLine Supervisors The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin为明确决策权威、作出决策以及评价决策执行效果提供信息提供企业内、外资源的信息，使之对评价过去的业绩和判断企业未来方向有用Informa
20、tion useful to help the enterprise achieve its goal,objectives and mission.Objectives of Managerial Reporting The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTypes of Accounting InformationFinancialManagerialTax The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinIntegrity of Accounting Informat
21、ionInstitutional FeaturesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)Financial Accounting Standards BoardSecurities and Exchange CommissionInternal Control StructureAudits一般公认会计原则财务会计准则委员会证券交易委员会内部控制结构审计 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinIntegrity of Accounting InformationProfess
22、ional OrganizationsAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants Institute of Management AccountantsInstitute of Internal AuditorsAmerican Accounting Association美国注册会计师协会管理会计师协会内部审计师协会美国会计学会 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinIntegrity of Accounting InformationCompetence,Judgme
23、nt and Ethical BehaviorCertified Public Accountants(CPAs)Certificate in Management Accounting(CMA)Certificate in Internal Auditing(CIA)Code of Professional ConductCPACPA The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinEthicsEthical behavior is the cornerstone of the accounting profession.The McG
24、raw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinEthics,Fraud&Corporate GovernanceCorporate governance entails corporate structures and processes for overseeing the companys affairs to ensure that the company is being managed with the best interests of shareholders in mind.Dennis Kozlowski,the former CE
25、O of Tyco,was sentenced to 8 1/3 to 25 years in prison for his conviction for conspiracy,securities fraud,and falsifying records.The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinFinancial accounting practice is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP)
26、.Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesRelevant InformationAffects the decision of its users.Reliable InformationIs trusted by users.Comparable InformationIs helpful in contrasting organizations.C 5 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)is t
27、he government group that establishes reporting requirements for companies that issue stock to the public.Setting Accounting PrinciplesFinancial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)is the private group that sets both broad and specific principles.C 5The International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)issue
28、s International Financial Reporting Standards that identify preferred accounting practices.The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinPrinciples of AccountingNowFutureGoing-Concern PrincipleReflects assumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold.Cost Pr
29、incipleAccounting information is based on actual cost.Objectivity PrincipleAccounting information is supported by independent,unbiased evidence.C 5 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinPrinciples of AccountingRevenue Recognition Principle1.Recognize revenue when it is earned.2.Proceed
30、s need not be in cash.3.Measure revenue by cash received plus cash value of items received.Monetary Unit PrincipleExpress transactions and events in monetary,or money,units.Business Entity PrincipleA business is accounted for separately from other business entities,including its owner.C 5 The McGraw
31、-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinE所有者Economic Entity(会计主体)一家服装店的所有者从店里的收银机中取走了100美元请客户吃饭。服装店的会计账簿是否应该反映所有者拿走了现金呢?会计主体是会计核算服务的对象或者说是会计人员进行核算(确认、计量、记录、报告)采取的立场及空间活动范围界定。The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin 依据会计主体假设，答案为“是”.。这个假设要求服装店的会计账簿反映出企业的现金比以前减少了.The McGraw-Hill Companies
32、,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinBusiness Entity FormsSole ProprietorshipPartnershipCorporationC 5 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinOwners of a corporation are called shareholders(or stockholders).When a corporation issues only one class of stock,we call it capital stock.CorporationC 5
33、The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwin*Proprietorships and partnerships that are set up as LLCs provide limited liability.Characteristics of Businesses*C 5 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinProprietorships个体企业个体企业What are some advantages?-total undivided authority -no
34、 restrictions on type of business must be legalWhat are some disadvantages?-unlimited liability（无限（无限责任）任）-limitation on size fund raising power （规模有限，融次能力受限）模有限，融次能力受限）The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinPartnerships合伙企业合伙企业lWhat are some advantages?-better credit standing possibly
35、-more brain power,but consultation with partners requiredWhat are some disadvantages?-unlimited personal liability for general partners（一般合伙人承担无限（一般合伙人承担无限责任）任）-need for written partnership agreement The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinCorporationsl What are some advantages?-separate
36、 legal existence -limited liability of stockholders -transferability of ownership relatively easy What are some disadvantages?-taxes possible double taxation -extensive governmental regulation The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinSarbanes-Oxley ActlAlso known as SOXlPassed(2002)by Con
37、gress to help curb financial abuses at companies that sell stock to the publiclRequires accounting oversight and stringent internal controlslPenalties include stock market delisting and criminal prosecution The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinContentlConceptslTransaction Analysis Exe
38、rciselRatio:ROA The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinAccounting EquationA1Assets资产资产=Liabilities负债负债+Equity所有者权益所有者权益 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinLandEquipmentBuildingsCashVehiclesStore SuppliesNotes ReceivableAccounts ReceivableResources owned or controlled by
39、 a companyAssetsA1 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTaxes PayableWages PayableNotes PayableAccounts PayableCreditors claims on assetsLiabilitiesA1 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinEquityA1Ownersclaims on assetsRevenuesOwner InvestmentsOwner WithdrawalsExpenses T
40、he McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinLiabilitiesEquityAssets=+Expanded Accounting EquationOwners EquityLiabilitiesEquityAssets=+A1RevenuesExpensesOwner CapitalOwner Withdrawals_+_ The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction Analysis Equation The accounting equation
41、MUST remain in balance after each transaction.LiabilitiesEquityAssets=+A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction Analysis(1)The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Owner Capital(equity)J.Scott invests$20,000 cash to start the business.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,200
42、7McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisJ.Scott invests$20,000 cash to start the business.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Supplies(asset)Transaction Analysis(2)Purchased supplies paying$1,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007M
43、cGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisPurchased supplies paying$1,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Equipment(asset)Transaction Analysis(3)Purchased equipment for$15,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/Irwi
44、nTransaction AnalysisPurchased equipment for$15,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Supplies(asset)(2)Equipment(asset)(3)Accounts Payable(liability)Transaction Analysis(4)Purchased Supplies of$200 and Equipment of$1,000 on account.A2 The McGra
45、w-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisPurchased Supplies of$200 and Equipment of$1,000 on account.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction Analysis(5)The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Notes payable(liability)Borrowed$4,000 from 1st American
46、 Bank.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisBorrowed$4,000 from 1st American Bank.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisThe balances so far appear below.Note that the Balance Sheet Equation is still in balance.A2 The McGraw-Hi
47、ll Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisNow,lets look at transactions involving revenue,expenses and withdrawals.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Revenues(equity)Transaction Analysis(6)Provided consulting services re
48、ceiving$3,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisProvided consulting services receiving$3,000 cash.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Salaries expense(equity)Transaction Analysis(7)Paid salari
49、es of$800 to employees.Remember that the balance in the salaries expense account actually increases.But,equity decreases because expenses reduce equity.A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinTransaction AnalysisRemember that expenses decrease equity.Paid salaries of$800 to employees.
50、A2 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2007McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Withdrawals(equity)Transaction Analysis(8)A withdrawal of$500 is made by the owner.Remember that the withdrawal account actually increases.But,total equity decreases because the withdrawal reduces equit