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1、Welcome to our class!第一章国际货物贸易法The International Sale of GoodsOn 15 March 2001,the buyer,as the agent,and shanghai Chenchuan corp.,as the principal,signed an import agency agreement,by which the buyer was to import 15000m3(plus or minus error was allowed)hornbeam for Chenchuan corp.案例：2001年3月15日，上海晨
2、川公司与一个货物进口代理人签订了一份代理进口货物的代理合同。代理人代理晨川公司从国外进口一批1500立方米枥木。On the same day,the buyer and the seller entered into a lumber import contract with stipulations on goods name,thickness,quality grade,length,quantity,price,shipping term,and payment term.同一天，代理人与一个外国枥木销售商签订了一份枥木买卖合同，约定了枥木的厚度、质量等级、长度、数量、价格、运输条款
3、和支付条款等内容。On 28 May 2001,the buyer received 13990 m3 of goods from the seller.After inspection,it was found that 40%of the goods were red Zelkova,and only 60%were hornbeam.2001年5月28日，代理人收到销售商木材。经初步检查，发现这批木材中有40%是榉木，60%才是枥木。Chenchuan coup.then sent faxes to the seller repeatedly referring to the afore
4、said problem.The faxes were ignored by the seller.被代理人即晨川公司于是马上向销售商通过传真方式披露了上述问题。销售商没有重视这份传真。In June 2001,the buyer asked CEEIQB to inspect the goods.The inspection certificate indicated that the goods were not in conformity with the contract.2001年6月，代理人委托中国出入境检验检疫局检验这批木材。检验结果是这批木材不符合合同的约定条件。中国出入境检验
5、检疫局（The china exit and entry inspection and quarantine bureau,CEEIQB）On 11 June 2001,Chenchuan corp.paid US 5179,i.e.,RMB 42991,to the seller by L/C,and a customs charge of RMB 10434.2001年6月11日，被代理人即晨川公司向销售商通过信用证方式支付了5179美元，折合人民币42991元，并且还支付了人民币10434元的关税。Chenchuan corp.was unable to manufacture and
6、deliver the keyboard and frame for digital pianos ordered by Japan Company,as a result,Chenchuan corp.paid a contract violation fee of RMB 100000.后来，晨川公司未能如约向一个日本公司生产与交付钢琴琴键的键盘和琴架，导致晨川公司向日本公司支付了合同违约金人民币10万元。Chenchuan corp.and the buyer contacted the shanghai representative office of the Germany Indu
7、stry and Commercial Union constantly for the issue of the sellers contract violation,and paid RMB 2653 for their work.关于卖方违约这一持续不断的争执，代理人和被代理人联系德国工商业协会上海代办处予以评断，并且预交了评断费人民币2653元。Because the sellers contract violation caused severe economic loss including good will damages to Chenchuan corp.,the buye
8、r asked the seller to return the price for the goods of RMB 10434,to bear Chenchuan corp.s economic loss of RMB 100000 and damages to its good will of RMB 50000,the cost of RMB 2653 incurred by the shanghai representative office of the Germany Industry and Commercial Union,the entire cost for return
9、ing and making disposal of the goods,and the litigation fee.由于销售商的违约行为导致了被代理人即晨川公司严重的经济损失，所以被代理人即晨川公司要求销售商返还货款人民币10434元，赔偿被代理人即晨川公司的经济损失10万元人民币，商誉受损费人民币5万元，评断费人民币2653元，退货、处置木材的费用和诉讼费。The seller argues that the quantity of red Zelkova alleged by the buyer conflicted with the inspection certificate,th
10、at the inspection certificate lacked legality and relevance,and that it could not prove that the goods were not conformed with the contract.As to the applicable law,the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods should be given preference.销售商认为，被代理人即晨川公司声称的红榉木数量与中国出入
11、境检验检疫局（CEEIQB）的检验数量不一致，该检验证书不合法也缺乏关联性，并且也不能证明货物与合同不相符。关于适用法，CISG应该得到优先适用。Basically,the sellers contract performance was in accordance with the contract.Moreover,even though delivery of red Zelkovaa instead of hornbeam violated the contract,there was a limitation on sellers liability;thus,the amount
12、claimed by the buyer had no legal basis,and should be dismissed by the court.销售商履约行为基本上符合合同约定。即使用红榉木代替枥木交货违反了合同约定，但销售商责任有一个限度。因而原告所主张的诉讼请求没有法律依据，法院应驳回原告诉讼请求。问题：Question:Whichlawwillbeappliedtothiscase?该纠纷应该适用什么准据法？1.引言International sale of goods is a kind of international transactions in goods,and o
13、ccupies an important position in international trade.As a kind of international sale of goods,this trade is usually established by buyers and seller.国际货物买卖是一种国际货物交易，在国际贸易中占有重要地位。作为一种国际货物买卖形式，交易的买方和卖方总是通过签订国际货物买卖合同来进行交易。It is necessary to emphasize the unity and harmonization of the international tra
14、de law,which will undoubtedly promote the international trade development.加强国际货物贸易法的统一与协调十分重要，因为它能促进国际贸易发展。The system of the international trade law includes treaties,international commercial customs and domestic laws.国际货物贸易法包括条约、国际商业惯例和国内法。1.1联合国国际货物买卖合同公约 UN Convention on Contracts for the Interna
15、tional Sale of Goods（CISG）China has accepted CISG,and if the merchants want to do foreign business,they should comply with CISG.商人从事国际贸易应该服从和遵守CISG。中国政府也认可了CISG。CISGwasadopterin1980inVienameeting,andcomeintoforceonJanuary1,1988.Before1999,ithasbeenacceptedby58countries.Ofthemaincountries,theyinclude
16、Australia,Canada,China,France,Germany,etc.CISG于1980年在维也纳会议上获得通过，1988年1月1日开始生效实施。1999年之前已有58个国家签署了CISG，主要国家包括澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、法国、德国等等。ThecontractingmembershaverightstoreservesomearticlestoCISG,andsodoesChinatothearticle1.1(b)andarticle11.Forthesereasons,Chinahasnoresponsibilitytoabidebythesetwoarticles.缔约
17、国有权对CISG作出保留。中国政府对CISG的第一条第一款和第十一条提出了保留，它意味着中国政府可不遵守这些条款下的义务。1.2国际商事惯例 International commercial customs International commercial customs are normally originated from the customs and practices among merchants of west European countries of the Middle Ages.国际商事惯例起源于中世纪西方国家一些商人之间的习俗和实践，由许多规制跨国商业关系的惯例规则组
18、成。We know that the written rules including treaties and domestic laws are relatively steady,and so they often fail to meet the needs of the international economic development.But the international commercial customs are characterized for generality,universality,reality and flexibility,take the respo
19、nsibility to offset the defaults of the treaties and domestic laws,and have increasingly an important role in the current international economic transactions.包括国内法与国际条约在内的成文法都是相对固定不变的，不能很好地适应国际经济关系的发展要求。因此，具有一般性、普适性、适宜性和灵活性特点的国际商事惯例在当今的国际经济交往活动中起着愈来愈重要的作用。最重要的国际商事惯例是Incoterms.Incoterms is an abbrevi
20、ated term.Its full name is international rules for the interpretation of trade terms,originated from international commercial terms.International Rules For The Interpretation Of Trade Terms,缩写为INCOTERMS.全称是国际贸易术语解释通则。Incotermsprovideasetofstandardizedtermsforbusinessmenandjudges.Basedontheseterms,bu
21、sinessmenandjudgescangiveauniformexplanation.Incoterms旨在提供一套标准条件。合同当事人和各个国家的法院能对该条件作出统一解释。Incotermsareneitherdomesticlaw,norinternationallaws,buttheycanbebindingonthebuyersandsellers,providedthatthecontractingpartiesagreetorefertoIncotermsinthecontract.Incoterms不是国内法，也不是国际法，但它们对交易双方具有约束力，只要该买卖合同规定，该
22、交易服从Incoterms。2.Incoterms2.1Incoterms的目标和范围 Purpose and Scope of Incoterms The purpose of it is to provide a set of international regulations for explanation of trade terms of the most commonly international trade.Incoterms can evade or at least reduce to a considerable degree the uncertainties of d
23、ifferent interpretation of such terms in different countries.Incoterms的目标在于为国际贸易最常见的贸易条件的解释提供一套国际规则。它能够避免或者至少能减少不同国家对相同贸易条件作出不同解释这种不确定现象的发生。Incotermswasfirstmadebyinternationalcommercialchamber(ICC)in1936,inordertoprovideasetofuniformtradetermsforpartiesconcerned.国际商会于1936年首次公布了一套解释贸易条件的国际规则，即Incote
24、rms1936.Torespondforthedevelopmentneedofthecurrentinternationaltradeactions,ICCrespectivelymendedIncotermsin1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresently2000.Incotermsarefitonlytosaleoftangiblegoodssold.为了适应当前国际贸易活动的需求，国际商会分别于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年、2000年对Incoterms1936作了修改。现行有效的规则是Incoterms2000.Incoter
25、ms仅适用于有形货物买卖。2.2Incoterms2000Ex Works(EXW)工厂交货“Ex works means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller s premises or another named place(i.e.works,factory,warehouse,etc.)not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.当销售者将货物在销售者所在地
26、或者另一个指定地点交给购买者控制时销售者就完成了交货义务，他没有出口清关义务和装货义务。This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller,and the buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved taking the goods from the sellers premises.该条件下，销售者的义务最小，购买者的义务最大，他必须承担从销售者处取得货物之后的所有风险和费用。Free Carrier(FCA)交至承运人Free Carrier means that
27、the seller delivers the goods,cleared for export,to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.销售者负责货物清关，将货物交给购买者指定的承运人。It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.If delivery occurs at the sellers
28、premises,the seller is responsible for loading.If delivery occurs at any other place,the seller is not responsible for unloading.交货地点对装货和卸货任务的完成有影响。如果在销售者所在地交货，那么销售者负责装货。如果是在其它地点交货，销售者不负责卸货。Free alongside Ship(FAS)装运港船边交货“Free Alongside Ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed a
29、longside the vessel at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.当货物越过指定港船舶船边时，销售者就完成了交货任务。此刻意味着购买者必须承担货物的所有费用和风险。The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.该条件要求销售者负责清关。Free on Board(FO
30、B)船上交货“Free on Board means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point.当货物越过指定港船船舶舷时，销售者就完成了交货任务。此刻意味着购买者必须承担货物的所有费用和风险。The FOB term requires the
31、seller to clear the goods for export.FOB要求销售者负责清关。Cost&Freight(CFR)成本加运费 Cost and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship s rail in the port of shipment.当货物越过指定港船船舶舷时，卖方就完成了交货任务。The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the paned port of de
32、stination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods,as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery,we transferred from the seller to the buyer.卖方负责支付货物被运至目的港口的费用和运费。交货后的费用和风险由买方承担。The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.CFR要求卖方负责货物出口清关手
33、续。Cost,Insurance&Freight(CIF)成本，保险加运费付至“Cost,Insurance and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods passthe ships rail in the port of shipment.当货物越过指定港船舶船舷时，卖方就完成了交货任务。The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the pods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of
34、loss of or damage to the goods,as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery,are transferred from the seller to the buyer.卖方负责支付货物被运到港口的费用和运费以及保险费。However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage
35、.交货后的货物费用和风险由买方承担。卖方负责投保的险别只是最低范围的险别。Carriage Paid to(CPT)运费付至carriage paid to.means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him,but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.卖方将货交给承运人时即完成交货任务，但卖方须支付货物被运至目的港的运费。T
36、his means that the buyer bears aft risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.买方承担货交承运人之后的货物风险和费用。The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.CPT要求卖方负责货物的出关手续。Carriage&Insurance Paid to(CIP)运费、保险费付至“Carriage and Insurance paid to.”means that the sel
37、ler delivers the goods the carrier nominated by him but the seller must by addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.卖方将货交给承运人时即完成交货任务，但卖方须支付货物被运至目的港的运费和保险费。This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have
38、 been so delivered.However,in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.买方承担货交承运人之后的货物风险和费用。The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.CIP要求卖方负责货物的出关手续。Delivered at Frontier(DAF)边境交货Delivered at Fron
39、tier means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded,cleared for export,but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier,but before the customs border of the adjoining country.卖方将货物在两国过境处交给买方
40、控制时即完成交货义务，即使货物未卸货。Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportbutnotforimport.卖方负责货物的出关手续，但不负责货物进关手续。Delivered Ex Ship(DES)目的港船上交货Delivered Ex Ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at named port of de
41、stination.卖方不负责货物的进关手续，当卖方将货物在目的港船上交给买方控制时，卖方即完成交货任务。The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging.卖方应该承担货物被运到目的港期间的所有风险和费用。Delivered Ex Quay(DEQ)目的港码头交货“Delivered Ex Quay means that the seller delivers when the pods
42、 are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay(wharf)at the named port of destination.卖方不负责货物的进关手续，当卖方将货物在目的港码头交给买方控制时即完成交货义务。ThesellerhastobearcostsandrisksinvolvedmbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationanddischargingthegoodsOnthequay(wharf).卖方应该承担货物被运到目的港货物未卸船之前的风
43、险和责任。TheDEQtermrequiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforandtopayforallformalities,duties,taxesandotherchargesuponimport.买方应该负责货物进关的所有手续和费用。Delivered Duty Unpaid(DDU)未完税交货“Delivered duty unpaid means that the seller delivers the goods to die buyer,not cleared for import,and not unloaded from my arriving mea
44、ns of transport at the named place of destination.卖方不负责货物的进关手续，不负责卸货，只负责将货物在目的港交给买方控制时即视为完成交货义务。Thesellerhastobearthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthereto,otherthan,whereapplicable,any“duty”(Whichtermincludestheresponsibilityforandtherisksofthecarryingoutofcustomsformalities,andthepaymentof
45、formalities,customduties,taxesandothercharges)forimportinthecountryofdestination.Suchdutyhastobebornebythebuyeraswellasanycostsandriskscausedbyhisfailuretoclearthegoodsforimportintime.卖方负责承担货物被交给买方处置前的所有风险和费用。Delivered Duty Paid(DDP)完税后交货“Delivered duty paid means that the seller delivers the goods
46、to the buyer,for import,and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination.The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved bringing the goods thereto including,where applicable,any duty(which term includes the responsibility for and the risk of the carryi
47、ng out of customs formalities and the payment of formalities,customs duties,taxes and other charges)for import m the country of destination.卖方负责货物进出关手续和费用，在目的地将未卸货物交给买方处置时即完成交货义务。Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller,DDP represents the maximum obligation.EXW条件下卖方责任最小，条
48、件下卖方的责任最大。3.3.1引言 CISG provides for the international sale of goods a uniform code.CISG（The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods）为国际货物买卖提供了一部统一法典。该公约由联合国国际贸易法委员会（UNCITRAL）草拟，1980年4月11日联合国外交会议通过。the united nations commission on international trade law,UNCITRALCIS
49、G was drafted by UNCITRAL and adopted on April 11,1980,in a UN diplomatic conference.3.2 公约的适用范围 Scope of the convention This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:(a)when the States are Contracting States;or (b)when the rul
50、es of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.3.2.1 如果当事人的营业地分处不同的缔约国，那么该买卖属于国际买卖，CISG可适用于该买卖。The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or fr