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1、语用学导论语用学导论Pragmatics:An Introduction Office Hours:14:30-15:40 p.m.Monday 逸夫馆逸夫馆II-711 9:00-10:00 a.m.Tuesday Email:语言学之家：语言学之家：Warm-upWhat do you know about pragmatics(“pragma-”,a Latin root,means“act”or“action”)as a branch of linguistic study?Origin of“pragmatics”Morris/Davis:the study of the relat
2、ionships between linguistic forms and the users of those formsC.Morris,1938,Foundations of the Theory of Signs,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.Compare:syntax:the study of the relationships between linguistic forms,how they are arranged in sequence and which sequences are well-formed;semantics:th
3、e study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world,how words literally connect to things.What is pragmatics?G.Yule(pp.3-4):-the study of speakermeaning what people mean by what they say,the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a list
4、ener(or reader)-the study of contextualmeaning how context determines meaning and shapes the way meaning is conveyed2010年10月16日晚，一辆黑色轿车在河北大学校区内撞倒两名女生一死一伤，司机不但没有停车，反而继续去校内宿舍楼接女友。返回途中被学生和保安拦下，该肇事者不但没有关心伤者，甚至态度冷漠嚣张，高喊“有本事你们告去，我爸是我爸是李刚李刚!”后经证实了解，该男子名为李启铭父亲李刚是保定市某公安分局副局长。此事一出迅速成为网友和媒体热议的焦点，“我爸是李刚”语句也迅速成为
5、网络最火的流行语。ASK:How is semanticists study of meaning different from pragmaticians study of meaning?Syntax,semantics and pragmatics(1)im lovin it.(2)Know yourself.(3)John is a machine.(4)Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.(5)Golf plays John.(6)Boys are boys.(7)The child looks like his father./The fat
6、her looks like his son.pragmaticsasawastebasket/rag-bag?Statusofpragmatics:Pragmatics/semantics/sociolinguistics?branch or perspective?Continental School vs.Anglo-American SchoolJacob Mey,Jef Verschueren,etc.G.Leech,Stephen Levinson,Jenny Thomas,Georgia Green,Peter Grundy,etc.Verschueren:a functiona
7、l(i.e.social,cultural,cognitive)perspective on language and communication(see Pragmatics)Levinson(1983)used 30 pages in Pragmatics(1983:5-35)to define pragmatics.Many definitions are introduced and discussed.My definitionPragmatics studies what basic factors(language;language user;communicative need
8、s,context,etc.)and general rules or principles are involved in language use(production and comprehension alike)and how they contribute to the communication of meaning in society.langue vs.parole -langue we cannot really understand the nature of language itself unless we understand pragmatics:how lan
9、guage is used in communication.(Leech(1983:1)language user(speaker/writer;hearer/reader):age,sex,status,role,ideology,etc.).context(situational,social-cultural,mental,cognitive,linguistic)ExampleA:Are you coming to the lecture this afternoon?B:Its on pragmatics.Qs:1.What does B want to communicate?2
10、.How can A get to know what B means?3.What factors are involved in making the inference?etc.What questions pragmaticists may ask?A Private ConversationLast week I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting be
11、hind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and the woman angrily.They did not pay any attention.In the end,I could not bear it.I turned round again.Icanthearaword!I said angrily.Its none of your business,the young man said rudely.
12、Thisisaprivateconversation!.New Concept English(Book II Lesson 1)Objectivesofpragmatics:investigate and describe the patterns,regularities,principles and rules of language use/usage;make sense of language use in different types of context;explain language use from a dynamic perspective;explore the s
13、ocial,psychological and cognitive constraints and mechanisms underlying language use(production and comprehension);analyze and explain the effect of the interaction between language use and language system,between language use and discourse structure,language use and social structure,etc.Purposesofa
14、courseinpragmatics:Just as we dont learn how to translate in order to do translation,so we dont have to learn pragmatics in order to use language.Yet,pragmatic knowledge does serve to -enhance pragmatic awareness;-promote pragmatic competence;-enable pragmatic analysis.Pragmatics is a rapidly growin
15、g field in contemporary linguistics.In recent years,it has not only become a center of intense interest in linguistics and the philosophy of language,it has also attracted a considerable amount of attention from anthropologists,artificial intelligence workers,cognitive scientists,psychologists,and s
16、emioticians.-Yan Huang,Pragmatics,2007.p.1Aspects of pragmatics studiespragma-linguistic vs.social/societal(social vs.)cognitive interfaces(lexical/semantic/syntactic,etc.)etc.Pragma-linguistic aspect of language use Linguistic pragmatics:pragmatic aspect of linguistic categories,structures,etc.How
17、an act can be performed linguistically(in different linguistic forms)?e.g.advisingSocial/Interpersonal aspect of language useSociopragmatics:how social conditions(e.g.social hierarchy,social status,social settings,occupation,etc)affect language useThe distinction between sociolinguistics(A)and socio
18、pragmatics(B):a.A:how social factors are encoded in language(static)B:how social factors affect language use(dynamic)b.A:how social man is constrained by social factors in language use(passive)B:how social man manipulates social factors in language use(active)c.A:context-independent B:activity-relat
19、ed,goal-oriented,context-dependent e.g.Change of address:Tommy,Tom,Thomas,Jef ThomasSocio-psychological pragmatics:how socio-psychological factors like face,interest,and affect condition language use,i.e.interpersonal communication,e.g.(9)Father:The window glass is broken.Do you know how it has happ
20、ened,Jack?Son:Well,I dont know.Ive been reading in the room the whole morning.Societal aspect of language useSocietal pragmatics:how political,economic,ethnical,diplomatic,educational,ideological factors condition and shape language uselanguage and power;advertising;propagandaCognitive aspect of lan
21、guage useCognitive pragmatics:cognitive processes,mechanisms,constraints of language use(production and comprehension),e.g.(10)一切都会过去的。“一切快乐、荣耀、烦恼、苦难”How is the inference made?(11)She is my girl friend.(But)she has been dating another guy these days.How is comprehension constrained and facilitated?A
22、pplied pragmaticsdevelopmentalacquisitional/pedagogicalclinic.Developmental aspect of language useDevelopmental pragmatics:pragmatic acquisition of pragmatic rules and principles by children,e.g.threatening;politeness(13)Mike:I got that letter yesterday.Mom:Which letter?(14)Mike:Close the window,mom
23、.Mom:Say“Please”.Applications:pragmatic approach toforeign language teaching/SLA/FLA/language testing/(cross-cultural/intercultural/interpersonal)communication/translation/advertising/literary analysis/social administration/business negotiation/propaganda,etc.Salientfigures:Morris,Austin,Searle,Gric
24、e,Levinson,Mey,Huang Yan,Horn,Thomas,Leech,Sperber and Wilson,Green,Grundy,Blakemore,Brown and Levinson,Davis,Yule,Verschueren,Morgan,Leech,Stalnaker,Kasper,Blum-Kulka,Wierzbicka,Schiffrin,Ariel,Carston,Drew,Culpeper,Haugh,etc.何自然，沈家煊，胡壮麟，何兆熊，钱冠连，徐盛桓，顾曰国，熊学亮，姜望琪，张绍杰，冉永平，何刚，张克定，牛宝义，廖美珍，文旭，向明友，吴亚欣，于国栋
25、，洪岗，侯国金，曾衍桃，刘绍忠，等等Forms of ClassLecturePresentationDiscussionTextbook and References新编语用学教程新编语用学教程(A New Course in Pragmatics)，陈新仁，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009。Pragmatics,Huang Yan,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007.Notes on Pragmatics,He Ziran,Nanjing Normal University Press,2002.Meaning in Interaction:An I
26、ntroduction to Pragmatics,J.Thomas,London:Longman,1995.Somereferencebooksonpragmatics：1.Understanding Pragmatics,J.Verschueren,London:Arnold,1999.2.Pragmatics,J.Peccei,Routledge,1999.3.Pragmatics,G.Yule,Oxford:OUP,1996.4.Relevance:Cognition and Communication,D.Sperber and D.Wilson,Oxford:Basil Black
27、well,1986/1995.5.Pragmatics in Language Teaching,Rose,K.&G.Kasper(eds.),Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.6.Interlanguage Pragmatics,Kasper,G.&Blum-Kulka(eds.),Oxford University Press,1993.7.Doing Pragmatics,P.Grundy,London:Edward Arnold,1995.8.Pragmatics:An Introduction,J.Mey,Oxford:Blackwe
28、ll,1993.9.Cross-cultural Pragmatics,Blum-Kulka,House and Kasper(eds.),Norwood,NJ:Ablex,1989.10.Politeness:some universals in language usage,P.Brown and S.Levinson,Cambridge:CUP,1987.11.Principles of Pragmatics,G.Leech,London:Longman,1983.12.Pragmatics,S.Levinson,Cambridge:CUP,1983.13.Semantics and P
29、ragmatics:Meaning in Language and Discourse,K.M.Jaszczolt,Pearson Education Limited,2002./北京大学出版社,2004.14.Pragmatics:A Multidisciplinary Perspective,Louise Cummings,Edinburgh University Press,2005.15.Pragmatics and Grammar,Mira Ariel,Cambridge:CUP,2008.16.Experimental Pragmatics,Ira A.Noveck&Dan Spe
30、rber(Eds.),Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2006.1.当代语用学当代语用学，何自然、陈新仁，外语教学与研究出版社，何自然、陈新仁，外语教学与研究出版社，2004。2.语用学概论（修订本）语用学概论（修订本），何自然、冉永平，长沙：湖南教育出版社，何自然、冉永平，长沙：湖南教育出版社，2002。3.语用学与英语学习语用学与英语学习，何自然，上海：上海外语教育出版社，何自然，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997。4.新编语用学概要新编语用学概要，何兆熊，上海：上海外语教育出版社，何兆熊，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000。5.语用学语用学理论与应用理论与应
31、用，姜望琪，北京：北京大学出版社，姜望琪，北京：北京大学出版社，2000。6.汉语文化语用学汉语文化语用学，钱冠连，北京：清华大学出版社，钱冠连，北京：清华大学出版社，1997。7.语用三论语用三论:关联论关联论顺应论顺应论模因论，模因论，谢朝群、陈新仁，上海教育出版社，谢朝群、陈新仁，上海教育出版社，20078.语用学十二讲，语用学十二讲，李捷、何自然、霍永寿，华东师范大学出版社，李捷、何自然、霍永寿，华东师范大学出版社，2011.Pragmaticjournals1.Journal of Pragmatics2.Pragmatics3.Intercultural Pragmatics4.H
32、istorical Pragmatics5.Text6.Discourse Studies7.Language in Society8.International Review of Pragmatics9.Pragmatics and Society10.Chinese Language and Discourse11.Lodz Papers in Pragmaticswww.relevance theory online www.relevance Pragmatics websitesForms of Course Assessment-Attendance(presence and p
33、unctuality)(10%)-Participation(presentation and participation in regular and e-class discussion)(15%)-Assignments(20%)-Course paper(printed form in Chinese with a minimum of 3000 words,in the right academic format)(40%)-Data collection(recording and transcription of job interviews,promotion programs
34、 on radio or on TV,etc.;10 minutes long or above)(15%)WorkingScheduleWeek 1:IntroductionWeek 2:Austins Speech Act Theory Week 3:Speech Act Theory:Later developmentsWeek 4:Gricean pragmatics:ImplicatureWeek 5:Gricean pragmatics:Cooperative PrincipleWeek 6:Neo-Gricean PragmaticsWeek 7:DeixisWeek 8:Pre
35、supposition Week 9:Conversation analysis Week 10:Politeness Principle New version of Politeness Principle(1)Week 11:Face Theory Week 12:Relevance Theory(I)Week 13:Relevance Theory(II)Discourse markers(2)Week 14:Adaptation theory (1)Week 15:Adaptation theory(II)AT and translation(3)Week 16:Pragmatics
36、 and EFL teaching Pragmatic failure(4)Presentation-each group made up of 4-5 persons,who are supposed to work in collaboration on material collection,report composition and PPT preparation-report in PPT form,submitted to me through the email as an attached file one week ahead of the presentation-eac
37、h presentation includes the following:a.concrete examples and their analysis;b.Necessary background knowledge;c.evaluation;d.possible implications or applications;etc.Assignedreadings:Read articles that introduce the field of pragmatics and find information on the following:a.the origin of pragmaticsb.the relation between pragmatics and semantics