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1、Chapter5 Language and Culture:Words and MeaningsForeign Languages and TranslationBrief IntroductionProblems of Translation and Equivalence Vocabulary or Lexical Equivalence Idiomatic and Slang Equivalence Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence Experiential-Cultural Equivalence Conceptual EquivalenceWor
2、king with a Translator2As the world evolves into the global village,the importance of international communication takes on added urgency.Many cultures insist that their students learn to speak more than just the native language.Thats why language translation comes into being.Brief Introduction3 One
3、day,an overseas student was studying beside the window.Suddenly,he heard someone shouting:Look out!,so he looked out of the windows.At that time,a basin of water was poured on him.He was so angry and went upstairs to reason with his neighbor.However,the neighbor said:Didnt you hear me call look out?
4、He answered:Yes,and thats what I did.Why did such thing happen?4My grandfather is nearly ninety and in his second childhood.Are you there?You look darker after the holiday.Do you have a family?Do you know what these sentences mean?5My grandfather is nearly ninety and in his second childhood.我祖父快我祖父快
5、90岁了，什么事都须岁了，什么事都须要别人来做。要别人来做。6Are you there?=Do you follow me?7You look darker after the holiday.你看上去更健康了。你看上去更健康了。8Do you have a family?你有孩子吗？你有孩子吗？9People attend to assume that text in one language can be accurately translated into another as long as the translator uses a good bilingual dictionar
6、y.Unfortunately10words have more than one meaningmany words are culture-bound and have no direct equivalentscultural orientations方向方向 can render致使致使 a direct translation non-sensicala culture may not have the background and understanding to translate experiences specific to other culturesLanguages a
7、re not this simple,and direct translations in many cases are difficult if not impossible because:11Words have more than one meaningIve always missed youSo I missed youFinally I missed youSo I miss you so much now12Words have more than one meaningIve always missed you（我（我总总是是躲躲避你）避你）So I missed you（于
8、是我（于是我错过错过了你）了你）Finally I missed you（最（最终终我失去了你）我失去了你）So I miss you so much now（以至于此刻的我是如此地（以至于此刻的我是如此地惦惦念你）念你）13Words have more than one meaning14Many words are culture-bound and have no direct equivalents护甲护甲冰糖葫芦冰糖葫芦炕炕步步摇摇15Cultural orientations can render a direct translation non-sensicallover bu
9、sboy buzyboy dressing room blind date sweet water confidence man an apple of love 情妇、情夫情妇、情夫勤杂工勤杂工爱管闲事的人爱管闲事的人化妆室化妆室相亲相亲淡水淡水骗子骗子西红柿西红柿16I英语英语 中文中文我、我、鄙人、敝人、不肖、不才、鄙人、敝人、不肖、不才、老子、某、依、仆、乃公、老子、某、依、仆、乃公、人家、我等人家、我等、我辈、我辈、我依、吾、吾们、吾济、我依、吾、吾们、吾济、吾辈、吾曹、小生、小人、吾辈、吾曹、小生、小人、小的、予、在下、洒家、小的、予、在下、洒家、咱、朕、寡人、咱、朕、寡人、孤、奴
10、才、臣孤、奴才、臣、臣妾、妾身、俺、老娘、臣妾、妾身、俺、老娘、A culture may not have the background and understanding to translate experiences specific to other cultures17We have established that each language is a way of seeing and reflecting the delicate nuances微小差微小差别别 of cultural perceptions认认知知,and it is the translator who
11、not only reconstructs重重现现 the equivalencies of words across linguistic boundaries but also reflects and transplants the emotional vibrations共共鸣鸣 of another culture.1819 Vocabulary or Lexical Equivalence Idiomatic and Slang Equivalence Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence 语法句法语法句法 Experiential-Cultura
12、l Equivalence Conceptual Equivalence20Vocabulary or Lexical EquivalenceProblems arise when translators language style cant be reflective of the original source and when they deal with nuances and with words that have no equivalents in other languages.pakikisamapakikisamahiyahiyashynessshynessembaras
13、smentembarassmentshameshamedeferencedeference听从听从G Getting along etting along with others and with others and conformityconformity符合，合符合，合适适Tagalog（塔加拉族语）（塔加拉族语）21 Idiomatic and Slang EquivalenceIdiomatic expressions are culture-bound.人山人海人山人海People mountain people sea.There is a large crowd of peop
14、le.家家有本难念的经家家有本难念的经Every family cookingEvery family cookingpot has a black pot has a black spot.spot.Many families have skeletons in the Many families have skeletons in the closet.closet.(很多家庭的衣柜里都有骨骸很多家庭的衣柜里都有骨骸)吃你豆腐吃你豆腐eat your tofucome on to 22Grammatical-Syntactical EquivalenceDifficulties may a
15、lso arise when there are no equivalent parts of speech.KoreanKoreanJapaneseJapanesewho,which,that,or whatcountable noun or uncountable noun23Experiential-Cultural EquivalenceTranslators must grapple not only with structural differences between languages but also with cultural differences,which requi
16、res precision and the ability to convey the speakers or authors approach or attitude.The meanings that cultures have for words are based on shared experiences,and the ability of a word to convey or elicit meaning depends on the culturally informed perceptions of both source and receiver.2425Though y
17、our sins be as scarlet朱朱红红,they shall be as white as snow._Bible26Conceptual EquivalenceAnother difficulty in translation arise lies in matching concepts.Some concepts are culture-specific and others are culture-general.Te quieroTe amoI love you27Working with a Translator Proper use of an interprete
18、r can enhance our ability to communicate with people of other cultures,but misuse can have serious consequences.A good interpreter must be able to translate a message so that others hear it as though it were the original message.He must be skilled in vocabulary,knows the words emotive aspects,cultur
19、es thought process and communication techniques and communicate possible meanings of cues such as body postures,gestures and movement.28The effective实际实际的的 use of an interpreter requires the establishment of a three-way rapport和和谐谐一一样样:Between the speaker and the interpreterBetween the speaker and t
20、he audienceBetween the interpreter and the audienceThe effective use of an interpreter29How to select a interpretercompatibility (兼容性）兼容性）ethnic compatibility （民族兼容性）（民族兼容性）knowlege of dialect （方言学（方言学问问）specialized knowledge of your fields and its terminology （了解你的（了解你的领领域和域和术语术语）30Thank You for your attention!Do you have any questions?