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1、第1号元素:氢,H,Hydrogen haidrEudVEnDiscovered:byHenryCavendishin1766IsolatedinLondon,UKOrigin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreekhydrogenes,meaningwaterforming.第2号元素:氦,He,Heliumhi:ljm,-lim Discovered:1817byJ.A.R.ArfvedsonIsolatedinStockholm,SwedenOrigin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreekhelios.Helios5hi:liCs.【希神】赫利俄斯
2、(太阳神)1第3号元素:锂,Li,Lithium5liWiEmDiscovered:1817byJ.A.R.ArfvedsonIsolatedinStockholm,SwedenOrigin:FromtheGreeklithosmeaningstone.第4号元素:铍,Be,BerylliumbE5riljEmDiscovered:byN.L.Vauquelinin1797Origin:Thenamecomesfromberyllos,theGreekforthestoneberyl.berylberil 绿玉,绿宝石2第5号元素:硼,B,Boron,5bC:rEn Discovered:by
3、J.L.Gay-LussacandL.J.ThenardinParis,France,andSirHumphryDavyinLondon,UKin1808Origin:ThenameisderivedfromtheArabicburaq,borax,itsprincipalore.第6号元素:碳,C,Carbon5kB:bEnDiscovered:knownfromprehistorictimes.Origin:ThenameisderivedfromtheLatincarbo,charcoal.3第7号元素:氮,N,Nitrogen,5naitrEdVEnDiscovered:byDanie
4、lRutherfordin1772IsolatedinEdinburgh,UKOrigin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreeknitrongenes,meaningnitreforming.nitro-5naItrEJ表示“硝基,硝石”之义第8号元素:氧,O,Oxygen5CksidVEnDiscovered:byJosephPriestleyinWiltshire,EnglandandindependentlybyC.W.ScheeleinUppsala,Swedenin1774Origin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreekoxygenes,me
5、aningacidforming.oxy-来自希腊语oxus尖的,酸的oxide氧化物4第9号元素:氟,F,Fluorine5flu(:)Eri:nDiscovered:1886byHenriMoissanOrigin:ThenameisderivedfromtheLatinfleure,toflow.fluoride5flu(:)Eraidn.氟化物第11号元素:钠,Na,Sodium5sEudjEm,-diEmDiscovered:1807bySirHumphryDavyinLondon.natrium5neitriEmn.拉=sodium第10号元素:氖,Ne,Neon5ni:EnDis
6、covered:bySirWilliamRamsayandM.W.Traversin1898Neon也有霓虹灯之意。5第12号元素:镁,Mg,MagnesiummA5ni:zjEmDiscovered:recognisedasanelementbyJosephBlackofEdinburgh,UKin1755Origin:TheelementisnamedafterMagnesia,adistrictofThessalyinGreece,whereitwasfirstfound.氧化镁Magnesiumoxide,也称作MagnesiamA5ni:FE镁氧(矿)第13号元素:铝,Al,Alum
7、iniumE5lju:minEmDiscovered:1825byHansOerstedOrigin:Fromalumen,theLatinforthemineralalum.氧化铝aluminumoxideoraluminaE5lju:minE6第14号元素:硅,Si,Silicon5silikEnDiscovered:byJ.J.Berzeliusin1824Origin:ThenameisderivedfromtheLatinsilicus,meaningflint.silica5silikEn硅石,二氧化硅源自拉丁语silexsilic-坚硬的石头,燧石第15号元素:磷,P,Phosp
8、horus5fCsfErEsDiscovered:byHennigBrandtin1669Origin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreekphosphoros,meaningbringeroflight,becauseitglowsinthedark.(=phosphor)磷光体,发光物质,【天】启明星,金星phosphoruspentoxide五氧化二磷7第16号元素:硫,S,Sulfur5sQlfE(=sulphur)Discovered:knowntoancientcivilisationsOrigin:Thenamemayhaveoneortwoderivatio
9、ns:theSanskritsulvereortheLatinsulphurium,bothmeaningsulfur.第17号元素:氯,Cl,Chlorine5klC:ri:nDiscovered:1774byC.W.ScheeleIsolatedinUppsala,SwedenOrigin:ThenameisderivedfromtheGreekchloros,meaningpalegreen.chloric5klC:rikadj.化氯的,含氯的盐酸hydrochloricacid8第19号元素:K,钾,Kalium5keiliEmPotassiumpE5tAsIEmDiscovered:
10、SirHumphryDavyin1807第20号元素:钙,Ca,CalciumklsmDiscovered:SirHumphryDavyin1808第25号元素:锰,Mn,Manganese7mANE5ni:zDiscovered:Scheele,C.W.in1774第18号元素:Ar,氩,Argon5B:CnDiscovered:1899byLordRayleighandSirWilliamRamsayOrigin:FromtheGreekargosmeaninginactive.Argos5B:Eus.天南船座9第26号元素:Fe,铁,Ferrum5ferEmIron5aiEn第29号元素
11、:Cu,铜,Cuprum5kju:prEmCopper第30号元素:Zn,锌,ZincumzINkEmZinc第35号元素:Br,溴,BromiumBromine5brEumi:n第47号元素:Ag,银,ArgentumB:5dVentEmSilver第50号元素:Sn,锡,Stannum5stAnEmTin10第80号元素:Hg,汞,Hydrargyrumhai5drB:dVirEmMercury5mE:kjuri第82号元素:Pb铅Plumbum5plQmbEmLead第53号元素:I,碘,Iodium5aiEdaizIodine5aIEdaIn11英语中的数字表达英语中的数字表达 基数词
12、基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。表示数目的词称为基数词。序数词序数词 表示依次的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:表示依次的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:A从第一至第十九从第一至第十九 序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。构成。six sixth、nineteen nineteenth 特殊形式:特殊形式:one first,two second,three third,five fifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelve twelfthB从其次十至第九十九从其次十至第九十九 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词变更结尾字
13、母整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词变更结尾字母y为为i,再加,再加“eth”构成。构成。twentytwentieth12英语中的数字表达英语中的数字表达 B从其次十至第九十九从其次十至第九十九 表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“”和个位和个位序数词形式一起表示。序数词形式一起表示。Thirty-first 第三十一第三十一C第一百以上的多位序数词第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一第一百二十一
14、 D序数词的缩写形式序数词的缩写形式 除除lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。13英语中的数字表达英语中的数字表达 分数的表达分数的表达1.分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分子是基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分子是“1”以外,其它状况下以外,其它状况下序数词都要用复数形式。序数词都要用复数形式。2.当分数后面接名词时,假如分数表示的值大于当分数后面接名词时,假如分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;,名词用复数;小于小于1,名词用单数。,名词用单数。1/3 o
15、ne third或或a third,3/4 three fourths或或 three quarters4/5 meter 五分之四米,五分之四米,5/6 inch 六分之五英寸六分之五英寸3.表示表示“n次方次方”的说法:指数用序数词,底数用基数词。的说法:指数用序数词,底数用基数词。107 the seventh power of ten(ten to the seventh power)141Simple Nomenclature of OrganicCompoundsIUPAC RulesInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
16、国际理论和应用化学联合会152有机化合物主要依据其官能团(functionalgroup)分类烃(hydrocarbon)醚(ether)酯(ester)醛(aldehyde)醇(alcohol)胺(amine)酮(ketone)羧酸(carboxylic acid)酰胺(amide)氨基酸(amino acid)有机化合物命名要反映出其官能团种类,及其分子中的原子组成和数目163烃的命名烷烃(alkane)的命名相关词头+后缀-ane从第五个成员戊烷(pentane),烷烃的命名依据其碳原子数目的希腊数字派生。174命名有机化合物的数字前缀己烷 hexane庚烷 heptane癸烷 deca
17、ne10个碳原子?命名基本原则:个位数字相应前缀+十位数字相应前缀+后缀-ane十三烷个位:3 tri-十位:10 deca-后缀-anetridecane十八烷octadecane留意:十一烷和十二烷的写法十一烷:undecane十二烷:dodecane185命名有机化合物的数字前缀20个碳原子?20eicosa-30 triaconta-从30起,之后的10的倍数均为相应前缀加上-aconta40 tetraconta-三十五烷?50 pentaconta-pentatriacontane二十五烷?pentaeicosane?pentacosane21烷的十位数前缀为 heneicosa-
18、,22烷为docosa2329烷的十位数前缀为 cosa-196命名有机化合物的数字前缀un-/hen-do-20数序英文前缀数序英文前缀甲甲meth-乙乙eth-丙丙prop-a-丁丁but-戊戊pent-己己hexa-庚庚hepta-辛辛octa-癸癸nona壬壬deca-methane ethane propane butanepentane hexaneheptane octane nonane decane21反义的前缀反义的前缀前缀前缀 举例举例 a-acentricab-abnormalan-anelectric,anharmonicanti-antiageingcotra-co
19、traclockwisecounter contercurrentdif-diffidentdis-disability,disappear前缀前缀 举例举例 il-illimitableim-immaterialin-incompleteir-irregularnon-nonexistent,nonperidicun-unequal,unbodied22一般英文词汇的前缀一般英文词汇的前缀前缀前缀中文含义中文含义举例举例mal-恶恶malcontent,malfunctionintra-在内,内部在内,内部intraregionalintro-向内,入内向内,入内introflection,
20、introduceex-出出外外;前前任任;exportexpremier做,使,起强调作用做,使,起强调作用extractexo-外,外部外,外部exosphereexobiologyfore-前,先,预先辈前,先,预先辈forwordforeseemicro微微microscope,microworldper-高高,过过 perchloride,peroxide 加强意义加强意义perturb遍,透遍,透perspire前缀前缀 中文含义中文含义 举例举例endo-内内 endolympheu-优,美优,美 euthenicspre-前前 prewarpost-后后 postdatesym
21、-对称对称 symmetryhomo-同同 homotypehetero-异异 heteropolar,heteromorphicpseudo 假假 pseudocrystalmacro-大,宏大,宏 macroclimate macroword23常用化合物的词头常用化合物的词头aceto-乙酰乙酰acetoacetate,acetoaceticetheralkali-碱碱alkali-earthmetal,alkalimetalbenzene(benzol-)苯苯 benzene ring benzenesulfonicacidbi-在盐类前头表示酸式盐在盐类前头表示酸式盐sodiumbi
22、carbonatechloro-氯代氯代,氯基氯基chloroaceticacid,chloroformcis-顺式顺式cis-addition,cis-isomercyclo-环环cycloheptanoneepoxy-环氧环氧epoxypropane,epoxyresinhydro-氢的,氢化的,含水的氢的,氢化的,含水的hydrocarbon,hydrogenationhydroxy-羟基羟基hydroxy-ketone,hydroxy-acidiso-等,同等,同isothermisotopemeta-间间,偏偏 metapheynlene meta-aciddiamine,nitro
23、-硝基硝基nitrobenzeneortho邻位;正,原邻位;正,原ortho-derivative;ortho-acidoxy-氧化;氧代氧化;氧代oxy-acid,oxydationpara-对位对位,仲仲para-derivative;para-acidpetro-石油石油petrochemicalphenyl苯酚苯酚phenolicresinphenyl-苯基苯基phenylacetylenepoly-聚聚polymer,polymolecularsulfa-磺胺磺胺sulfamethylthiazoleSyn顺式;同顺式;同syn-form,syngensisthio-硫代硫代thi
24、osufatetrans-反式;超,越,过反式;超,越,过trans-addition24有机化合物词尾构成(有机化合物词尾构成(1)-acetal缩醇缩醇acetaldehydedimethylacetalacid酸酸benzoicacid-al醛醛ethanalalcohol醇醇ethylalcohol-aldehyde醛醛acetaldehyde-amide酰胺酰胺acetamide-amine胺胺methylamine-ane烷烷propane-ase酶酶peptidase-cain(e)卡因卡因buacaine-carbinol甲醇甲醇methylethylcarbinolCarbo
25、nyl羰基羰基carbonylchloride-carboxylicacid羧酸羧酸1-propanecarboxylicacid-ene烯烯pentene-ester(ate)酯酯acetylaceticester(乙酰乙酸酯(乙酰乙酸酯),methylacetate-ether乙醚乙醚ethylether-icanhydride酸酐酸酐aceticanhydride-ol醇醇methanol-osan聚糖聚糖glucosan25有机化合物词尾构成(有机化合物词尾构成(2)-ose糖糖fructose,glucose-oyl酰酰acetyl,caproyl-quine奎奎niquine-im
26、ine亚胺亚胺ethylidenimine,cyclohexanimine-ketone酮酮methylphenylketone-one酮酮hexone-lactam内酰胺内酰胺hexalactam-lactone内酯内酯butyrolactone-nitrile腈腈succinonitrile-oside糖酐糖酐glucoside-sulfide硫硫diethylsulfide-sulfonicacid磺酸磺酸naphthanesulfonicacid-sulfone砜砜ethylsulfone-thiol硫醇硫醇methanethiol-thiourea硫脲硫脲ethyl-thiourea
27、-toxin毒毒buthotoxin-yl基基methyl,ethyl,ethylphenol,isopentyl,benzyl,sec-butyl-yne炔炔1,3-butadiyne,2-butyne26aacidABRacrylonitrile-butadienerubberaatomicABSacrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneabsabsoptionCM-cellulosecarboxymethylcelluloseCMCcarboxymethylcelluloseabs.EabsoluteerroracactivityPMMpolymethylmethac
28、rylateALCanalyticliquidchromagraphPEpolyethylenePLCpreparedliquidchromatographPEGpolyethyleneglycolHPLChighpressureliquidchromatographPSpolystyreneARanlyticalreagentPUpolyurethaneCRchemicalreagentPVApolyvinylacetateave.avg.averagePVApolyvinylealcoholCSTRcontinuousstirredtankreactorPVCpolyvinylchliri
29、dePFRplugflowreactorPOMpolyoxymethylenepetpetroleumPPpolypropyleneRTresidencetimePPGpolypropyleneglycole.g.exampligratia(forexample)PAMpolyacrylamideEtcorsoppmpartpermillionCODchemicaloxygendemandproc.process;procedureBODbichemicaloxygendemandprep.preparation;prepare缩略语缩略语27Nomenclature of PolymerAd
30、ditionalpolymer(polymonomer)polystyrene(PS)polyvinylchloride(PVC)polyvinylacetate(PVA)poly(methylmethacrylate)polyacrylamidepolyethyleneoxide/glycol(PEO/PEG)polybutadiene28ChromatographyGaschromatographyLiquidchromatographyColumnchromatographyThinlayerchromatographyPaperchromatographySizeexclusionch
31、romatographyGelpermeationchromatographyGCLCCCTLCPCSECGPC29 SpectroscopyInfraredspectroscopyUltra-violetspectroscopyFluorescencespectroscopyAtomicabsorptionspectroscopyMassspectroscopyNuclear Magnetic ResonanceElectron Spin ResonanceElectron Paramagnetic ResonanceIRUVFSAASMSNMRESREPR307烷基的命名将烷烃的词尾的-a
32、ne去掉,加上-yl,则为烷基名称CH3?CH4 methaneCH3 methylCH3CH2CH2CH2butyl?(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)3CCH2(CH3)3CCH2CH3?2-methyl propyl2,2-dimethylpropyl2,2-dimethyl butane318烃的命名烯烃和炔烃的命名烯烃(alkene):相关词头+后缀 ene炔烃(alkyne);相关词头+后缀 yne烯基的命名将烯烃的词尾-ene 改为-enyl329烃的命名芳香烃(Aromatic Hydrocarbon)的命名因其含双键,故均以后缀-ene结尾。3310烃的命名芳香烃(Aromat
33、ic Hydrocarbon)的命名?methylbenzene苯环上表示2个基团的相对位置命名可用邻o,间m对p表示。1,2-dimethylbenzeneo-dimethylbenzene当芳香环上带有脂肪链时,以芳环作为骨架,脂链作为取代基。ethenylbenzene?3411烃的命名芳香基的命名苯基苯甲基phenylphenylmethyl3512烃的命名烃的命名卤代烃卤代烃(Organic Halide)的命名的命名命名时将卤素作为主链的取代基命名时将卤素作为主链的取代基在其元素名主干后加字母在其元素名主干后加字母ochlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzenep-dichlorobenzene36