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1、情态动词【语法回顾】1情态动词的语法特征1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2)情态动词除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。3)情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4)情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。常见的情态动词有：can (could) , may (might), must , shall (should), will (would), dare (dared), need等，另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。【情态动词概况】1 .
2、情态动词也是“辅助性”动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词所表示的情态有：请求、 命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。2 .情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词 原形。如：她会唱英文歌曲。She cans sing an English song. (F)She can sings an English song. (F)She can sing an English song. (T)3 .有些情态动词的过去时与其原形相同，有些与原形不同。(1)与原形相同的有：must must ought to ought to(2)与
3、原形不同的有：can could will wouldmay might shall shouldneed needed dare dared have to had to4 .大多数的情态动词后面可以用动词不定式(多不带t。)的进行时、完成时或被动形式，如：may, can, must 等。(二)情态动词的种类：(见下表)原形过去式词义cancould能maymight可以（或许）mustmust (had to)必须（不得不）wi 1 1would愿意shallshould应该needneeded需要daredared敢于（三）情态动词的否定形式:cannot can tmight not
4、 mightn, twould not wouldn tshould not shouldn(二)情态动词could not couldn, tmust not mustn, tneed not needn, tt ought not oughtnmay not mayn twill not won tshall not shan, tt dare not daren t情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，耍和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区另II。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should 等。1. can 与 could
5、1). can（1）表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。He can drive.Can you jump as far as he did?I can t catch up with Jim.can与be able to二者都表示“能够”，区别是：can只有现在时和过去式，而be able to可用于 各种时态。如：r 11 be able to speak French in half a year.He hasn, t been able to finish it on time.(2)表不允许:You can go now.Can I use your
6、 bike?（3）表示推测:Who can it be?It can t be true.can表示猜测或怀疑只用于疑问句及否定句中。can 和 be able tocan/could表示能力；可能（过去时用could）,只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可 以用于各种时态。例如：They wi 11 be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。2）只用be able to的情况：a.位于助动词后。b.情态动词后。c.表示过去某时刻动作时。d.用于句首表示条件。e.表示成功地做了某事时，用was/were able to,不
7、能用could。例如：He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。注意：could有时不表示时态1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如：Could I have the television on?我能看电视吗？Yes, you can. / No, you can，t.可以/不可以。2）在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如：He couldn，t be a bad man.他不大可
8、能是坏人。1） . could（1）can的过去式，表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。He couldn t climb up the mountain.The news could be true.（2）表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。Could you go skating with me tomorrow?I m afraid I couldn t give you an answer tonight.（3）表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度How could he say that?He couldn, t be in Beijing.2. may 与 might1), may(1)表示请求、许
9、可、可以一May I use your dictionary?一Yes, please/certainly.May I come in?(2)表示推测说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。It may rain this afternoon.I may leave for Hangzhou next week.(3) may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。May you do well!May you have a good time!2), might(1)用作may的过去式。We didn t know that he might be our new teacher.The
10、accident might happen the day before yesterday.(2)替代may来表示现在时间的动作，主要于推测(但其可能性比may更低)。I m afraid it might snow tomorrow.You might meet him at the conference.The movie might have finished now.(3)委婉地表示请求(不是过去式)。Might I ask you a question?Might you go there with me?3. must(1) .表示义务，命令或必要。Soldiers must o
11、bey orders.We must be strict with ourselves.(2) .表示肯定的推测：一定He must be at home.(对现在的猜测)I think you must have made a mistake.(对过去的猜测)He must be our new teacher.He can t be our new teacher.(3)此外还要弄清楚must与have to的区别will 与 would1) . will(1)表示意愿、决心。此时可用于各种人称。He won t come to see you他不愿来见你。(表示意愿)I will try
12、 my best to catch up with her.我将尽最大努力赶上她。(表示决心)(2)表示请求，此时仅限于will you (please)-? ”句型中，仅用于第二人称和疑问句中。Will you please buy me an English-Chinese dictionary when you go to the bookstore?Will you have some rice?2) . wou1d3) ) will的过去式，表示过去的意愿和决心。He said he would do everything for her, but she said she woul
13、d never see him again.They believed that we would help them.(2)用于现在时，表示委婉地提出请求，建议或看法。此时would的用法比will更加委婉。Would you please show me the way to the museum?I would like to say something about it.will和would用于“劝某人接受”时,只能用some,不能用any。如：Would you like some fish?吃点鱼好吗？4. shall 与 shouldshall征求对方意见或请求，用于第一、三人称
14、。表示“要不要？ ”、”好吗？ ”Shall I open the window?Shall the doctor come?1) should(1) should意思是“应该”，表示劝告或建议(=ought to)You should wash your hands before dinner.We should help each other.（2）用来表示可能性或猜测。He should be in the office now.I should be right.（3） should有时能表示说话人的情感等。It s funny that they should be confiden
15、t.（表示轻视）Why should I do that for you?（表示不满）（4） should后接动词不定式（不加to）时，若用于肯定句，表示某件事本应该完成却未完成；若用于 否定句，则表示某事不该发生却发生了。You should have told us the truth.（应该告诉却没有）He should have known the importance of it.应该矢口道去1不矢I道）We shouldn, t have left so early.（不应该早出来，可已经做了）need1）need意思是“需要，必须”，主要用于否定句和关系问句中。You needn
16、 t come so early.Need I take part in the Party?2） need引导的疑问句，肯定回答时多用must,否定回答时用needn t。Need he come?Yes, he must.No, he needn t.3） need后接名词做宾语时，表示“需要”某件事物，此时用作实义动词，与一般的实义动词用法完全一 样。如：We need three apples.He doesn t need so many books.6. oughtought只有一种形式，后面常与to连用，意思是“应该”。You ought to visit us often.So
17、rry, I ought to leave now.在表示“应该时，ought to的语气比should要强，比must稍弱。7. daredare意思是“敢”，用于肯定结构中时，后接加to的动词不定式。The boy dared to climb up the tree.She should dare to question her teacher.1) dare用于否定句或疑问句中时，与大多数的情态动词一样，后接不带to的动词不定式。Dont dare do that again!The poor girl dare not go home.8. had betterYou had better see a doctor.You had better not leave now.Had I better wait for her?